TERRORISM: A Corporate Fascist Imperialist State Joint VENTURE to Justify Monopolistic Aggression! Terror Flowers May not Bloom Without Money Power Captured by the ruling Hegemony. Terror Network May Not Work Without mainstream political Administrative Favour. governments Work Together to Terrorise Enslaved people to capture Resources. Subversion is Always Designed with Surgical Precision. Hegemony Agencies Work Together to flood Blind nationality and Launch Hatred Campaign.Harvesting GREEN REVOLUTION of TERROR is Mandatory to Tame Hostile Demography and Nationalities. Just Look, How Pentagon and white House Planned 9/11 to Justify Oil Field capture game in Middle East!How Brahaminical Hegemony Used Communal Riots and Then, Terror Strikes to Hold Power. How nuclear Super Power Hindutva Ally with Zionist White Galaxy Order to Implement Post Modern MANUSMRITI Apartheid Agenda against Black Untouchables,Aboriginal, Indigenous and Minorities Worldwide. How the KILLING FIELDS are created! How CIVIL Wars and wars Masterminded! How Indo US Nuke deal and FINMIN RBI Anti national activities Justified By passing Parliament and Constitution! How violated are human and civil rights. Always the Victims are Branded as Terrorists! How the Corporates, MEDIA and MNCs use the Mind control and Brainwashing techniques! TERRORISM Creates Space for the Ruling Hegemony for More and More Genocide. Warmonger BUSH is the Path Finder!
Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams: Chapter 100
It has been the same story all the way in History! SHUDRAYAN in India and Hundred years of War in the West, the CRUSADE followed by renaissance created the base of Post Modern Galaxy Order on the Base of the Heritage of Roman Empire! Greek Mythology as well as Hindutva Literature creted sublime Myths of Mass Destruction which have been well translated in Post Modern Science and technology. thus, Information explosion happens the best tool of Escalation of Global Market, galaxy capitalism!
TERRORISM is the most relevant concept to enslave Modern Times!
Terrorism by the Power hegemony!
Terrorism of the Power Hegemony!
Terrorism for the Power Hegemony!
TERRORISM: A Corporate Fascist Imperialist State Joint VENTURE to Justify Monopolistic Aggression! Terror Flowers May not Bloom Without Money Power Captured by the ruling Hegemony. Terror Network May Not Work Without mainstream political Administrative Favour. governments Work Together to Terrorise Enslaved people to capture Resources. Subversion is Always Designed with Surgical Precision. Hegemony Agencies Work Together to flood Blind nationality and Launch Hatred Campaign.Harvesting GREEN REVOLUTION of TERROR is Mandatory to Tame Hostile Demography and Nationalities. Just Look, How Pentagon and white House Planned 9/11 to Justify Oil Field capture game in Middle East!How Brahaminical Hegemony Used Communal Riots and Then, Terror Strikes to Hold Power. How nuclear Super Power Hindutva Ally with Zionist White Galaxy Order to Implement Post Modern MANUSMRITI Apartheid Agenda aginst Black Untouchables,Aboriginal, Indiginous and Minorities Worldwide. How the KILLING FIELDS are created! How CIVIL Wars and wars Masterminded! How Indo US Nuke deal and FINMIN RBI Anti national activities Justified By passing Parliament and Constitution! How violated are human and civil rights. Always the Victims are Branded as Terrorists! How the Corporates, MEDIA and MNCs use the Mind control and Brainwashing techniques! TERRORISM Creates Space for the Ruling Hegemony for More and More Genocide. Warmonger BUSH is the Path Finder!
Nothing but Terrorism justifies the War against Terrorism!
Nothing but the excuse of Terror changes the Indian Ocean zone into the War zone right into our Heart!
Terrorism justifies Indo US Nuclear Deal, the strategic re alliance in US lead and US Military Presence in every corner of South Asia!
Provided if the Governments are genuine enough to address the problem of Terrorism how the Terror network survives despite Free hand to security agencies and Omnipresent US Military might allied with National Armies?
If Paresh Barua or Arvind rajkhova have been allowed to stay and lead Anti India Activities in a soft state like Bangladesh directly under US control, how you may control them while they shift the bases in CHINA,into the safe lap of the sleeping Dragon!did the diplomacy and foreign Policy of Government of India failed or the anti national GOI tried its best to use the ULFA as a pet Animal to strike favourable deals in North East? If there happens to be any china Link, how it came out to emerge suddenly as a Bolt from the Blue? Provided if China interferes in Indian internal affairs as the story floated, is the anti national Indian state power capable of thwarting threat to national Integrity and unity as it fails miserably to address the nationalities at home and may not deal with terrorists despite AFPSA continued since 1958!
FREEsenSEX shoots up amidst national calamities! Why? Why Indian Nationalities pitted against one another in a Civil War like situation while RBI and FINMIN open all the Floodgates of Relief and Concessions to the Capitalists to feed the Hungry Money Machine pumping in National revenues without the consent of the Parliament. We all know, the Global Recession began with the failure of US Banking and Insurance system! Then, tell me how the government of India dares to enhance FDI in Insurance sector from 26 percent to maximum 49 percent? Oil Prices slump and Inflation is manipulated. FOREX is pumped into Private sector. SBI and LIC used to save FREE FALL!every thing was overlooked through unwanted incidents in Maharashtra and Terror strikes in ASSAM!
If RSS is up against TERRORISM why it defends Hindutva Bomb? How the Maharashtra nationality Icon Bal Thakre voices HINDUTVA defending Sadhvi Pragya Singh?
Tell me , how the ruling hegemony brands Mahashweta as a Naxalite, our friend and journalist working in The Statesman, SUKUMAR MITRA as well as Katyani , a Hindi Poet, as Maoists! How?
How the Terrorism is linked with ISLAM while USA has declared an undeclared War against Islam under the cover of War against Terrorism! Any Terror strike anywhere in this planet is bound to justify US Pro activism to save its worldwide Corporate Zionist White interests. Nothing but TERRORISM justifies Capture and enslavement of Natural as well as human resources!
It is the the Concept as well as Designed terrorism which justifies the pending long shopping lists of Arms from US Zionist Weapon Market! It justifies Mass destruction witnessed in Middle East, east Europe and Africa and now we are destined to witness in our own Killing fields!
If there is no Terrorism, you would see how all bloody Nuclear Biological Chemical Warfare become so irrelevant! IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN, KOSOVO, SOMALIA and a large part of every continent Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and Australia face unprecedented repression just because the Terror Networks wer located there by NATO, PENTAGON and WHITE HOUSE?
What is the Real story behind 9/11? What the investigation open up?
You have your eyes open and see how PENTAGON, NASA, WORLD BANK, IMF, GATT, EC, WTO, CIA, ISI, MOSSED, M16, RAW work together!
TERRORISM IS AN ESSENTIAL PHENOMENON TO RUN THE POST MODERN FASCIST IMPERIALIST CORPORATE GALAXY ORDER!
Swings of Indices upwards despite no reprieve from Global recession prove well how TERRORISM suits the Galaxy Hegemony and its national anti national agents!
TERRORISM always helps the STATE POWER to wipe out Unwanted Demography! It helps to tame the hostile resisting Masses, Intelligentsia, Demography and nationalities!
Religion, Myths, Rituals, Superstition, totems and the holy Scripts are the best tools of Ruling Hegemony having the Ultimate Killing Instinct to wipe out all Human as well as civil rights! Global Warming roots here only!
Demonetisation continues even today. How Saddam Hussein was Demonised, just remember! How the Nazis and fascists demonised the Jews to wipe out the from this earth! How Intense HATRED CAMPAIGN helped British empiere to divide and rule. While they could not sustain themselves as an Empire they masterminded the Holocaust in south Asai. In Independent India , we have already witnessed Sikh Genocide folowed by Hatred Sikh campaign launched jointly by so called mainstream political parties!
We all know, how aboriginal people all over Americas and Africa have been massacred under Best adventure Myths of Human Civilisation!
Despite bearing the heritage of DRAVID culture and History of aboriginal India inhibited by indigenous Negroids, we converted ourselves in Aryan Brahaminical Psyche of intense Dravid hatred. It is a uncrossable North and south India within India.Majoritarian Democracy and electoral system created unchallengeable space for Micro Minority only three percent of the total population, Brahmins to dominate every sphere of life in Independent India. Age Old MANUSMRITI predestined inherent injustice and inequality with dividing the HINDU society in more than six thousand castes! Thus, Brahmins harvest on the Enslaved social fabrics sharing with a few powerful castes with varying equations in every region or state. The Aboriginal, Indigenous people and minorities out of HINDUTVA lead the resistance often and mercilessly crushed as it happened in Telengana and Naxalbari! Not Ideology, it was simply the demography which was chosen for repression and Annihilation. Thus, the Brahaminical Communists always betrayed any Insurrection, peasant movement and trade union movement. And it is the history! Nationalities do not oblige the Enslavement prescribed by HINDUTVA, thus they are always termed as TERRORISTS! This is the root Cause of Insurgency in Himalayan region from Kashmir to north East, which is never addressed but the ruling Hegemony chooses the simplest way of military solution or striking deals with splinter groups which create more space of Terror network. Recent flare up of Gorkhaland Movement is a classic case of Deal Making by ruling Hegemony, nevertheless, while the Terror network remains intact. We may see the alliances of different terrorist groups working with central Government and state governments as long as their interests suit!
How may you be sure that a Particular terror strike is not instituted by the State Power and the ruling Hegemony? We have seen how communal riots were used for political gains. We have seen communal flare up in Maharashtra during Parliament session while Economy and Polity had been stressed most. We have see how Amaranth shrine diverted the NUKE Opera in Indian Parliament. We have also witnessed communal flare up against Taslima Nasreen with surgical precision and accurate timing in Marxist ruled KOLKATA!
Why we may not raise a point on the timing of terror strikes and the designs involved!
In India, the ancient holy scripts VEDAS and UPANISHADS launched the original HATRED campaign. We may see the traces in recent mainstream XXXXX literature in India even today. It was not Warmonger President BUSH, but INDRA was the incarnation to kill the Indigenous Aboriginal Leaders and insurrections under cover of myths and rituals! Which is further empowered by MANUSMiRITY and Indian Brahaminical Polity! Indra, the greatest FUCKER, known womaniser could launch War and civil War anytime to defend the hegemony of Heaven! He controlled the Weapon Industry. The PANDAVAS also got their weapons from gods led by Indra. This is the same mythical story we read in Greece and Rome. Anglo Saxon Dominance continues as well as continues the Aryan dominance while Negroids all over the world are targeted for annihilation on the name of democracy and development. Project Next President of America, Black and Muslim Origin Barrack Obama is also targeted for assassination as he wants that Martin Luther Kings Dream may come true! CU Clux Clan is resurgent as Zionism and Hindutva are also experiencing Resurrection. The CRUSADE continues!
Nationalities wer always demonised in every part of the world as nationalities are being branded as Terrorists nowadays! In India so many gods including the incarnation of VISHNU, MARYADA PURUSHOTTAM RAMA were engaged in SHUDRAYAN , free killing and enslavement of Indigenous and aboriginal Dravid and Negroid masses! The present day Brahmin rulers have also created SEZ, Nuclear Parks, Chemical Hubs, Retail Chains, Multi Plexes, Corporates, MNCS, Builders, Promoters, BiG dams, Infrastructure, IT and so on to kill our people and only our people. Provided we resist, we are liable to be branded as Naxalite as Mahashweta di has been, Maoists as ktayayani and Sukumar have been or as Terrorists as whole lot of indigenous aboriginal and minorities are predestined to be branded!
We have lost the HEAVEN!
SIT begins probe into Assam blasts
The Special Investigating Team (SIT), constituted to look into Thursday's serial blasts in Assam, on Sunday began its probe and is likely
to explore HuJI-ULFA links in the strikes.
Headed by IGP (Special Task Force) R Chandranathan, the SIT started investigations to ascertain the identity of the culprits behind the deadly blasts in which 81 people were killed.
"Last night, we handed over all the papers and clues ascertained so far to the SIT which has started investigations," IGP (Law and Order) Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta said.
Sources in the SIT said the investigations were on to explore the HuJI-ULFA links in the blasts and the authenticity of the SMS sent to a private satellite channel by so-called Islamic Security Force (Indian Mujahideen) claiming responsibility for the bombings.
Police said so far five persons have been arrested and several others detained. Meanwhile, Principal Secretary (Home) Subhas Das said police have got vital clues during investigations.
Refusing to divulge details, Das was hopeful that the police would soon zero in on the culprits responsible for the blasts.
Gujarat cops to question sadhvi on Modasa blast
Gujarat police will question Malegaon blast accused Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur on her possible role in Modasa blast, through Mumbai ATS,
which is to conduct a narco test on her.
Sources said Mumbai police have framed a list of at least 40 questions for the sadhvi's narco analysis. Two of the questions pertain to Modasa blast. "She would be asked whether she has any links with the blast at Modasa and how many times has she visited the town," a source said.
Gujarat police remain non-committal on the issue. "We would only comment after the tests are over," Sabarkantha DSP R B Brahmbhatt said. "Pragya's narco analysis and brain mapping are on and we can say something only afterwards."
Mumbai police had picked up Pragya for her alleged role in the Malegaon blast from Surat, where she had been living since 2002. Pragya's motorbike was used in the blast which killed six people at Malegaon on September 29.
Pak, Bangla groups may be behind Assam blasts: CM Gogoi
Assam chief minister Tarun Gogoi on Sunday said that the needle of suspicion for Thursday's serial blasts in the state points towards
insurgent groups based in Bangladesh and Pakistan.
"Although we are yet to reach at a conclusion, the needle of suspicion points towards Bangladesh and Pakistan-based insurgent groups," Gogoi said.
"These are the forces inimical to Assam...Since they are using their (foreign countries) soil, the outfits are bound to listen to them," he said.
Without naming any particular group, Gogoi admitted that the army and other agencies had given inputs about possible attacks but being able to pinpoint the culprits is important.
"There are such inputs every time but the need of the hour is to improve the intelligence network," he said.
Announcing that a special task force will be set up soon in the state to deal with terrorists, Gogoi said action will be taken against civil and police officials if they were found neglecting duties which could have resulted in the blasts.
After Hurriyat, LeT invites Ban Ki-moon to Kashmir Valley
After the moderate faction of the Hurriyat, militant outfit Lashker-e-Taiba on Sunday invited UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to visit
Kashmir to take stock of the situation in the Valley.
LeT chief Qari Abdul Wahid, in a statement hailed Secretary General's statement calling for resolution of the Kashmir issue through dialogue.
"In fact, it is the responsibility of the world body to play a role in resolving the long-standing issue," he said.
"We invite the UN Secretary General to visit Kashmir and see for himself the situation there," the statement said.
On Friday, Mirwaiz Umer Farooq, chairman of the moderate faction of the Hurriyat Conference, requested Ki-moon to visit the Valley.
NCP joins Raj campaign, talks about 'redrawing of balance'
The 'Raj Thackeray effect' seems to have rubbed on NCP too with the Sharad Pawar-led party advocating "sons of the soil" ideology and
warning that if there was no "redrawing of balance" between Maharashtrians and others, "the people will themselves do it".
Union Minister and senior NCP leader Praful Patel also rejected demands for removal of Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh as also immediate detention of Thackeray under the National Security Act in the wake of attacks on north Indians.
Patel, whose party is a major partner in the Congress-led Maharashtra government, saw nothing wrong in party leader Chhagan Bhujbal's advocacy of "sons of the soil" slogan. He also asked non-Maharashtrians to respect the sentiments and culture of the state.
In an interview to Karan Thapar for 'Devil's Advocate' programme for CNN-IBN, he made a veiled attack on the lack of development in certain states from where people migrate to Mumbai which was predominantly Maharashtrian 30-40 years ago.
Patel downplayed Prime Minister Manmohan Singh writing a strongly worded letter to Deshmukh on the situation in the wake of attack on some north Indians.
"The Prime Minister, as the custodian of the entire nation, is well within his moral authority to speak and ask the Maharashtra government that such things should not happen," Patel said.
Asked whether there was a need for redrawing of balance between Maharashtrians and non-Maharashtrians in the state, Patel said "if you do not do that, sooner or later you will not need a Raj Thackeray to do that, the people themselves will do it."
Return Singur land to farmers: Mamata
Coming back to Singur almost a month after the Tata Motors announced the pullout of its Nano car project, Trinamool Congress chief Mamata
Banerjee on Sunday demanded return of the land to farmers who had been "forced" to part with it for the project.
She said, "to this day the West Bengal government's deal with the Tatas for the project has not been made public."
"If the government had abided by the September 7 Raj Bhavan agreement on the project, the contents of the deal would have been known to the people, which the government does not obviously want," Mamata told a well-attended rally.
She said any future industry in the area would have to be set up only after a global tender was floated. "We are not against industry as we had said earlier. Had we been so, we would have also put obstacles on the path of the Jindal Steel's plant coming up at Salboni."
At Salboni, Sajjan Jindal, the head of the JSW Steel, had reached a consensus with the local people which the Tatas had not done in Singur, Mamata said.
The Singur movement was a landmark in the struggle against forcible acquisition of land in the country. The authorities would think twice before embarking on forcible land acquisition, she claimed.
Chinese media questions Chandrayaan's success
India's Chandrayaan mission may have evoked a good bit of national pride and come in for praise from different quarters worldwide including
the White House in Washington. But a large section of the Chinese media has raised questions published articles questioning the success of Chandrayaan.
The articles question the contention of Indian Space Research Organisation, which said that Chandrayaan had an apogee of 37,800km with an orbital period of 73 hours. The articles in the Chinese media state that the apogee was only around 16,400 km with an orbital tour of 11 hours.
Most of the articles have been published in websites and blogs popular with the military and nationalist politicians. They include bulletin boards of websites that are linked to government organizations. But the general newspapers have refrained from taking a critical view of the Indian space mission. Most of them are copies of a single article.
The critical articles claim they were the result of analysis of data released by www.n2yo.com, which is a site devoted real time tracking of satellite launched across the world and contains a lot of technical information. Interestingly, the website of US government's National Aeronautics and Space Administration has published an article on Chandrayaan without raising any doubts about it.
Most of the articles are copies of a single piece using almost similar text. The headline common several of the pieces in different websites are: "Orbit not very normal; has India's Chandrayaan-1 run into problem?"
A search on the Chinese search engine, Baidu and the Chinese version of Google throws up several websites where the same article has been pasted. It seems someone or some agency has gone into a good deal of effort to ensure that the article is widely circulated across several media networks including those that represent government agencies.
Some of the Chinese sites also published Chinese versions of another English article, which described Chandrayaan mission as a case of major success in a country that has not been able to curb human rights violations and address the problem of poverty adequately. The source of this second article has not been clarified.
Narrow escape for Paswan; mine blast on convoy route
Union Steel Minister Ram Vilas Paswan had a close shave on Sunday when a landmine blasted his security vehicle in Baroa in the Maoist-infested West Midnapore district shortly after West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, passed through the area of attack that left six policemen injured.
Paswan along with his deputy Jiten Prasada and industrialist Sajjan Jindal were travelling in the same government vehicle when the powerful landmine blast triggered by suspected maoists damaged the police's Maruti Gypsy. One of the six injured policemen was in a critical condition.
All the VVIPS were safe, police said.
Paswan said it was a miraculous escape for them as the escort vehicle was just a few metres ahead of them.
The attack occured at Barao, 17 km from here after the leaders' convoy of vehicles was returning from Salboni after they attended the foundation-laying ceremony of a steel project here on Sunday.
IGP (Western Range) Kuldeep Singh told PTI that the blast from a directional mine occurred minutes after the chief minister's convoy had passed.
"It was a powerful blast and under its impact, the overhead high tension line snapped and fell on one of the spare pilot cars, partially burning it," he said.
Former chief of Lok Janshakti Party's West Bengal unit, Valmiki Paswan, who was travelling in Paswan's convoy, said the blast occurred in front of the convoy's pilot vehicle, just after the chief minister's convoy had crossed the spot.
"While travelling, I suddenly heard a loud blast and saw thick smoke billowing. A high tension wire fell on the pilot car which overturned. When our car came near the pilot car, we saw the driver lying limp in a pool of blood and a couple of policemen bleeding profusely. Even as they were groaning in pain, they asked us to hurry on," Valmiki Paswan said.
US Navy intercepts missile shot from Hawaii base
U.S. Navy officials say one of two short-range ballistic missiles shot from a military facility in Hawaii in a defense system test was hit by an interceptor missile fired from a Navy ship.
Vice Adm. Samuel J. Locklear says Saturday's trial marked the first time that the Navy _ rather than the Pentagon's Missile Defense Agency _ oversaw the firing of a so-called Standard Missile-3 interceptor against a ballistic missile target.
The San Diego-based U.S. Third Fleet had command and control of the mission, in which two target missiles were fired from the Pacific Missile Range Facility on Kauai island.
An SM-3 fired from the USS Paul Hamilton directly hit the first target missile. Another ship, the USS Hopper, failed to intercept the second target missile that was fired.
Tamils issue:'DMK should have exerted more pressure on Centre'
Accusing the Tamil Nadu Government of not exerting "much" pressure on the Centre over the Sri Lankan Tamils issue, the CPI on Sunday said it will reach out to like-minded parties to press the state administration to convene another all-party meeting on the matter.
Party TN unit chief D Pandian said the DMK-led Government should have "exerted more pressure on the Centre" on the Sri Lanka Tamils issue as it was one of the resolutions passed by the all-party meeting on October 14.
"The Centre has not assured the DMK that it will try to bring an end to the war. None of the resolutions passed in the meeting has been taken seriously by the Government. But the Chief Minister now says he is satisfied with the decisions taken by the Centre," he said here.
"Even (External Affairs Minister) Pranab Mukherjee when he came to Chennai did not give any assurance that the war will be stopped in Sri Lanka," Pandian said.
The CPI will write to all the like-minded parties and pressurise the Government to convene another all-party meeting on the Tamils issue to demand the Centre to "immediatly stop military assistance" to the island nation.
"The military assistance being provided to Sri Lanka should be stopped. The Centre should do it immediatly because it is fully in its hands," Pandian said.
The CPI leader also said the Centre and the State Governments should take steps to distribute the relief items and money collected for the affected civilians through religious organisations.
"The Government should make sure that only the affected get relief. So, it should be distributed through religious organisations in Lanka," Pandian said.
PARADISE lost!
Statn is the combined Indigenous Aboriginal Mainstrem stripped of Human and civil rights , straving and dying! If we survive in calamities, we are predestined to be killed or tortured! United Nation charter may not protect us!
Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton. It was originally published in 1667 in ten books; a second edition followed in 1674, redivided into twelve books (in the manner of the division of Virgil's Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification. The poem concerns the Judeo-Christian story of the Fall of Man; the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men"[1] and elucidate the conflict between God's eternal foresight and free will.
In the early nineteenth century, the Romantics began to regard Satan as the protagonist of the epic. Milton presents Satan as an ambitious and proud being who defies his creator, omnipotent God, and who wages war on Heaven, only to be defeated and cast down. Indeed, William Blake, a great admirer of Milton and illustrator of the epic poem, said of Milton that "he was a true Poet, and of the Devil's party without knowing it." [2] Some commentators regard the character of Satan as a precursor of the Byronic hero.[3]
Milton worked for Oliver Cromwell and the Parliament of England and thus wrote first-hand for the Commonwealth of England. Arguably, the failed rebellion and reinstallation of the monarchy left him to explore his losses within Paradise Lost. Some commentators such as the artist and poet William Blake say that he sympathized with Satan in this work, in that both he and Satan had experienced a failed cause.[citation needed]
Milton incorporates Paganism, classical Greek references and Christianity within the story. The poem grapples with many difficult theological issues, including fate, predestination, and the Trinity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost
Paradise Lost
BOOK 1
THE ARGUMENT
OF Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tast
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat, [ 5 ]
Sing Heav'nly Muse,that on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen Seed,
In the Beginning how the Heav'ns and Earth
Rose out of Chaos: Or if Sion Hill [ 10 ]
Delight thee more, and Siloa's Brook that flow'd
Fast by the Oracle of God; I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventrous Song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above th' Aonian Mount, while it pursues [ 15 ]
Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime.
And chiefly Thou O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all Temples th' upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for Thou know'st; Thou from the first
Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread [ 20 ]
Dove-like satst brooding on the vast Abyss
And mad'st it pregnant: What in me is dark
Illumin, what is low raise and support;
That to the highth of this great Argument
I may assert Eternal Providence, [ 25 ]
And justifie the wayes of God to men.
Say first, for Heav'n hides nothing from thy view
Nor the deep Tract of Hell, say first what cause
Mov'd our Grand Parents in that happy State,
Favour'd of Heav'n so highly, to fall off [ 30 ]
From thir Creator, and transgress his Will
For one restraint, Lords of the World besides?
Who first seduc'd them to that foul revolt?
Th' infernal Serpent; he it was, whose guile
Stird up with Envy and Revenge, deceiv'd [ 35 ]
The Mother of Mankind, what time his Pride
Had cast him out from Heav'n, with all his Host
Of Rebel Angels, by whose aid aspiring
To set himself in Glory above his Peers,
He trusted to have equal'd the most High, [ 40 ]
If he oppos'd; and with ambitious aim
Against the Throne and Monarchy of God
Rais'd impious War in Heav'n and Battel proud
With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power
Hurld headlong flaming from th' Ethereal Skie [ 45 ]
With hideous ruine and combustion down
To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
In Adamantine Chains and penal Fire,
Who durst defie th' Omnipotent to Arms.
Nine times the Space that measures Day and Night [ 50 ]
To mortal men, he with his horrid crew
Lay vanquisht, rowling in the fiery Gulfe
Confounded though immortal: But his doom
Reserv'd him to more wrath; for now the thought
Both of lost happiness and lasting pain [ 55 ]
Torments him; round he throws his baleful eyes
That witness'd huge affliction and dismay
Mixt with obdurate pride and stedfast hate:
At once as far as Angels kenn he views
The dismal Situation waste and wilde, [ 60 ]
A Dungeon horrible, on all sides round
As one great Furnace flam'd, yet from those flames
No light, but rather darkness visible
Serv'd onely to discover sights of woe,
Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace [ 65 ]
And rest can never dwell, hope never comes
That comes to all; but torture without end
Still urges, and a fiery Deluge, fed
With ever-burning Sulphur unconsum'd:
Such place Eternal Justice had prepar'd [ 70 ]
For those rebellious, here thir Prison ordain'd
In utter darkness, and thir portion set
As far remov'd from God and light of Heav'n
As from the Center thrice to th' utmost Pole.
O how unlike the place from whence they fell! [ 75 ]
There the companions of his fall, o'rewhelm'd
With Floods and Whirlwinds of tempestuous fire,
He soon discerns, and weltring by his side
One next himself in power, and next in crime,
Long after known in Palestine, and nam'd [ 80 ]
Beelzebub. To whom th' Arch-Enemy,
And thence in Heav'n call'd Satan, with bold words
Breaking the horrid silence thus began.
If thou beest he; But O how fall'n! how chang'd
From him, who in the happy Realms of Light [ 85 ]
Cloth'd with transcendent brightness didst out-shine
Myriads though bright: If he Whom mutual league,
United thoughts and counsels, equal hope
And hazard in the Glorious Enterprize,
Joynd with me once, now misery hath joynd [ 90 ]
In equal ruin: into what Pit thou seest
From what highth fall'n, so much the stronger prov'd
He with his Thunder: and till then who knew
The force of those dire Arms? yet not for those,
Nor what the Potent Victor in his rage [ 95 ]
Can else inflict, do I repent or change,
Though chang'd in outward lustre; that fixt mind
And high disdain, from sence of injur'd merit,
That with the mightiest rais'd me to contend,
And to the fierce contention brought along [ 100 ]
Innumerable force of Spirits arm'd
That durst dislike his reign, and me preferring,
His utmost power with adverse power oppos'd
In dubious Battel on the Plains of Heav'n,
And shook his throne. What though the field be lost? [ 105 ]
All is not lost; the unconquerable Will,
And study of revenge, immortal hate,
And courage never to submit or yield:
And what is else not to be overcome?
That Glory never shall his wrath or might [ 110 ]
Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee, and deifie his power,
Who from the terrour of this Arm so late
Doubted his Empire, that were low indeed,
That were an ignominy and shame beneath [ 115 ]
This downfall; since by Fate the strength of Gods
And this Empyreal substance cannot fail,
Since through experience of this great event
In Arms not worse, in foresight much advanc't,
We may with more successful hope resolve [ 120 ]
To wage by force or guile eternal Warr
Irreconcileable, to our grand Foe,
Who now triumphs, and in th' excess of joy
Sole reigning holds the Tyranny of Heav'n.
So spake th' Apostate Angel, though in pain, [ 125 ]
Vaunting aloud, but rackt with deep despare:
And him thus answer'd soon his bold Compeer.
O Prince, O Chief of many Throned Powers,
That led th' imbattelld Seraphim to Warr
Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds [ 130 ]
Fearless, endanger'd Heav'ns perpetual King;
And put to proof his high Supremacy,
Whether upheld by strength, or Chance, or Fate,
Too well I see and rue the dire event,
That with sad overthrow and foul defeat [ 135 ]
Hath lost us Heav'n, and all this mighty Host
In horrible destruction laid thus low,
As far as Gods and Heav'nly Essences
Can perish: for the mind and spirit remains
Invincible, and vigour soon returns, [ 140 ]
Though all our Glory extinct, and happy state
Here swallow'd up in endless misery.
But what if he our Conquerour, (whom I now
Of force believe Almighty, since no less
Then such could hav orepow'rd such force as ours) [ 145 ]
Have left us this our spirit and strength intire
Strongly to suffer and support our pains,
That we may so suffice his vengeful ire,
Or do him mightier service as his thralls
By right of Warr, what e're his business be [ 150 ]
Here in the heart of Hell to work in Fire,
Or do his Errands in the gloomy Deep;
What can it then avail though yet we feel
Strength undiminisht, or eternal being
To undergo eternal punishment? [ 155 ]
Whereto with speedy words th' Arch-fiend reply'd.
Fall'n Cherube, to be weak is miserable
Doing or Suffering: but of this be sure,
To do ought good never will be our task,
But ever to do ill our sole delight, [ 160 ]
As being the contrary to his high will
Whom we resist. If then his Providence
Out of our evil seek to bring forth good,
Our labour must be to pervert that end,
And out of good still to find means of evil; [ 165 ]
Which oft times may succeed, so as perhaps
Shall grieve him, if I fail not, and disturb
His inmost counsels from thir destind aim.
But see the angry Victor hath recall'd
His Ministers of vengeance and pursuit [ 170 ]
Back to the Gates of Heav'n: The Sulphurous Hail
Shot after us in storm, oreblown hath laid
The fiery Surge, that from the Precipice
Of Heav'n receiv'd us falling, and the Thunder,
Wing'd with red Lightning and impetuous rage, [ 175 ]
Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now
To bellow through the vast and boundless Deep.
Let us not slip th' occasion, whether scorn,
Or satiate fury yield it from our Foe.
Seest thou yon dreary Plain, forlorn and wilde, [ 180 ]
The seat of desolation, voyd of light,
Save what the glimmering of these livid flames
Casts pale and dreadful? Thither let us tend
From off the tossing of these fiery waves,
There rest, if any rest can harbour there, [ 185 ]
And reassembling our afflicted Powers,
Consult how we may henceforth most offend
Our Enemy, our own loss how repair,
How overcome this dire Calamity,
What reinforcement we may gain from Hope, [ 190 ]
If not what resolution from despare.
Thus Satan talking to his neerest Mate
With Head up-lift above the wave, and Eyes
That sparkling blaz'd, his other Parts besides
Prone on the Flood, extended long and large [ 195 ]
Lay floating many a rood, in bulk as huge
As whom the Fables name of monstrous size,
Titanian, or Earth-born, that warr'd on Jove,
Briareos or Typhon, whom the Den
By ancient Tarsus held, or that Sea-beast [ 200 ]
Leviathan, which God of all his works
Created hugest that swim th' Ocean stream:
Him haply slumbring on the Norway foam
The Pilot of some small night-founder'd Skiff,
Deeming some Island, oft, as Sea-men tell, [ 205 ]
With fixed Anchor in his skaly rind
Moors by his side under the Lee, while Night
Invests the Sea, and wished Morn delayes:
So stretcht out huge in length the Arch-fiend lay
Chain'd on the burning Lake, nor ever thence [ 210 ]
Had ris'n or heav'd his head, but that the will
And high permission of all-ruling Heaven
Left him at large to his own dark designs,
That with reiterated crimes he might
Heap on himself damnation, while he sought [ 215 ]
Evil to others, and enrag'd might see
How all his malice serv'd but to bring forth
Infinite goodness, grace and mercy shewn
On Man by him seduc't, but on himself
Treble confusion, wrath and vengeance pour'd. [ 220 ]
Forthwith upright he rears from off the Pool
His mighty Stature; on each hand the flames
Drivn backward slope thir pointing spires, and rowld
In billows, leave i'th' midst a horrid Vale.
Then with expanded wings he stears his flight [ 225 ]
Aloft, incumbent on the dusky Air
That felt unusual weight, till on dry Land
He lights, if it were Land that ever burn'd
With solid, as the Lake with liquid fire;
And such appear'd in hue, as when the force [ 230 ]
Of subterranean wind transports a Hill
Torn from Pelorus, or the shatter'd side
Of thundring Ætna, whose combustible
And fewel'd entrals thence conceiving Fire,
Sublim'd with Mineral fury, aid the Winds, [ 235 ]
And leave a singed bottom all involv'd
With stench and smoak: Such resting found the sole
Of unblest feet. Him followed his next Mate,
Both glorying to have scap't the Stygian flood
As Gods, and by thir own recover'd strength, [ 240 ]
Not by the sufferance of supernal Power.
Is this the Region, this the Soil, the Clime,
Said then the lost Arch-Angel, this the seat
That we must change for Heav'n, this mournful gloom
For that celestial light? Be it so, since he [ 245 ]
Who now is Sovran can dispose and bid
What shall be right: fardest from him is best
Whom reason hath equald, force hath made supream
Above his equals. Farewel happy Fields
Where Joy for ever dwells: Hail horrours, hail [ 250 ]
Infernal world, and thou profoundest Hell
Receive thy new Possessor: One who brings
A mind not to be chang'd by Place or Time.
The mind is its own place, and in it self
Can make a Heav'n of Hell, a Hell of Heav'n. [ 255 ]
What matter where, if I be still the same,
And what I should be, all but less then he
Whom Thunder hath made greater? Here at least
We shall be free; th' Almighty hath not built
Here for his envy, will not drive us hence: [ 260 ]
Here we may reign secure, and in my choyce
To reign is worth ambition though in Hell:
Better to reign in Hell, then serve in Heav'n.
But wherefore let we then our faithful friends,
Th' associates and copartners of our loss [ 265 ]
Lye thus astonisht on th' oblivious Pool,
And call them not to share with us their part
In this unhappy Mansion, or once more
With rallied Arms to try what may be yet
Regaind in Heav'n, or what more lost in Hell? [ 270 ]
So Satan spake, and him Beelzebub
Thus answer'd. Leader of those Armies bright,
Which but th' Onmipotent none could have foyld,
If once they hear that voyce, thir liveliest pledge
Of hope in fears and dangers, heard so oft [ 275 ]
In worst extreams, and on the perilous edge
Of battel when it rag'd, in all assaults
Thir surest signal, they will soon resume
New courage and revive, though now they lye
Groveling and prostrate on yon Lake of Fire, [ 280 ]
As we erewhile, astounded and amaz'd,
No wonder, fall'n such a pernicious highth.
He scarce had ceas't when the superiour Fiend
Was moving toward the shoar; his ponderous shield
Ethereal temper, massy, large and round, [ 285 ]
Behind him cast; the broad circumference
Hung on his shoulders like the Moon, whose Orb
Through Optic Glass the Tuscan Artist views
At Ev'ning from the top of Fesole,
Or in Valdarno, to descry new Lands, [ 290 ]
Rivers or Mountains in her spotty Globe.
His Spear, to equal which the tallest Pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the Mast
Of some great Ammiral, were but a wand,
He walkt with to support uneasie steps [ 295 ]
Over the burning Marle, not like those steps
On Heavens Azure, and the torrid Clime
Smote on him sore besides, vaulted with Fire;
Nathless he so endur'd, till on the Beach
Of that inflamed Sea, he stood and call'd [ 300 ]
His Legions, Angel Forms, who lay intrans't
Thick as Autumnal Leaves that strow the Brooks
In Vallombrosa, where th' Etrurian shades
High overarch't imbowr; or scatterd sedge
Afloat, when with fierce Winds Orion arm'd [ 305 ]
Hath vext the Red-Sea Coast, whose waves orethrew
Busiris and his Memphian Chivalry,
While with perfidious hatred they pursu'd
The Sojourners of Goshen, who beheld
From the safe shore thir floating Carkases [ 310 ]
And broken Chariot Wheels, so thick bestrown
Abject and lost lay these, covering the Flood,
Under amazement of thir hideous change.
He call'd so loud, that all the hollow Deep
Of Hell resounded. Princes, Potentates, [ 315 ]
Warriers, the Flowr of Heav'n, once yours, now lost,
If such astonishment as this can sieze
Eternal spirits; or have ye chos'n this place
After the toyl of Battel to repose
Your wearied vertue, for the ease you find [ 320 ]
To slumber here, as in the Vales of Heav'n?
Or in this abject posture have ye sworn
To adore the Conquerour? who now beholds
Cherube and Seraph rowling in the Flood
With scatter'd Arms and Ensigns, till anon [ 325 ]
His swift pursuers from Heav'n Gates discern
Th' advantage, and descending tread us down
Thus drooping, or with linked Thunderbolts
Transfix us to the bottom of this Gulfe.
Awake, arise, or be for ever fall'n. [ 330 ]
They heard, and were abasht, and up they sprung
Upon the wing, as when men wont to watch
On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread,
Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake.
Nor did they not perceave the evil plight [ 335 ]
In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel;
Yet to thir Generals Voyce they soon obeyd
Innumerable. As when the potent Rod
Of Amrams Son in Egypts evill day
Wav'd round the Coast, up call'd a pitchy cloud [ 340 ]
Of Locusts, warping on the Eastern Wind,
That ore the Realm of impious Pharaoh hung
Like Night, and darken'd all the Land of Nile:
So numberless were those bad Angels seen
Hovering on wing under the Cope of Hell [ 345 ]
'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding Fires;
Till, as a signal giv'n, th' uplifted Spear
Of thir great Sultan waving to direct
Thir course, in even ballance down they light
On the firm brimstone, and fill all the Plain; [ 350 ]
A multitude, like which the populous North
Pour'd never from her frozen loyns, to pass
Rhene or the Danaw, when her barbarous Sons
Came like a Deluge on the South, and spread
Beneath Gibralter to the Lybian sands. [ 355 ]
Forthwith from every Squadron and each Band
The Heads and Leaders thither hast where stood
Thir great Commander; Godlike shapes and forms
Excelling human, Princely Dignities,
And Powers that earst in Heaven sat on Thrones; [ 360 ]
Though of thir Names in heav'nly Records now
Be no memorial blotted out and ras'd
By thir Rebellion, from the Books of Life.
Nor had they yet among the Sons of Eve
Got them new Names, till wandring ore the Earth, [ 365 ]
Through Gods high sufferance for the tryal of man,
By falsities and lyes the greatest part
Of Mankind they corrupted to forsake
God thir Creator, and th' invisible
Glory of him that made them, to transform [ 370 ]
Oft to the Image of a Brute, adorn'd
With gay Religions full of Pomp and Gold,
And Devils to adore for Deities:
Then were they known to men by various Names,
And various Idols through the Heathen World. [ 375 ]
Say, Muse, thir Names then known, who first, who last,
Rous'd from the slumber, on that fiery Couch,
At thir great Emperors call, as next in worth
Came singly where he stood on the bare strand,
While the promiscuous croud stood yet aloof? [ 380 ]
The chief were those who from the Pit of Hell
Roaming to seek thir prey on earth, durst fix
Thir Seats long after next the Seat of God,
Thir Altars by his Altar, Gods ador'd
Among the Nations round, and durst abide [ 385 ]
Jehovah thundring out of Sion, thron'd
Between the Cherubim; yea, often plac'd
Within his Sanctuary it self thir Shrines,
Abominations; and with cursed things
His holy Rites, and solemn Feasts profan'd, [ 390 ]
And with thir darkness durst affront his light.
First Moloch, horrid King besmear'd with blood
Of human sacrifice, and parents tears,
Though for the noyse of Drums and Timbrels loud
Thir childrens cries unheard, that past through fire [ 395 ]
To his grim Idol. Him the Ammonite
Worshipt in Rabba and her watry Plain,
In Argob and in Basan, to the stream
Of utmost Arnon. Nor content with such
Audacious neighbourhood, the wisest heart [ 400 ]
Of Solomon he led by fraud to build
His Temple right against the Temple of God
On that opprobrious Hill, and made his Grove
The pleasant Vally of Hinnom, Tophet thence
And black Gehenna call'd, the Type of Hell. [ 405 ]
Next Chemos, th' obscene dread of Moabs Sons,
From Aroar to Nebo, and the wild
Of Southmost Abarim; in Hesebon
And Horonaim, Seons Realm, beyond
The flowry Dale of Sibma clad with Vines, [ 410 ]
And Eleale to th' Asphaltick Pool.
Peor his other Name, when he entic'd
Israel in Sittim on thir march from Nile
To do him wanton rites, which cost them woe.
Yet thence his lustful Orgies he enlarg'd [ 415 ]
Even to that Hill of scandal, by the Grove
Of Moloch homicide, lust hard by hate;
Till good Josiah drove them thence to Hell.
With these came they, who from the bordring flood
Of old Euphrates to the Brook that parts [ 420 ]
Egypt from Syrian ground, had general Names
Of Baalim and Ashtaroth, those male,
These Feminine. For Spirits when they please
Can either Sex assume, or both; so soft
And uncompounded is thir Essence pure, [ 425 ]
Not ti'd or manacl'd with joynt or limb,
Nor founded on the brittle strength of bones,
Like cumbrous flesh; but in what shape they choose
Dilated or condens't, bright or obscure,
Can execute thir aerie purposes, [ 430 ]
And works of love or enmity fulfill.
For those the Race of Israel oft forsook
Thir living strength, and unfrequented left
His righteous Altar, bowing lowly down
To bestial Gods; for which thir heads as low [ 435 ]
Bow'd down in Battel, sunk before the Spear
Of despicable foes. With these in troop
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call'd
Astarte, Queen of Heav'n, with crescent Horns;
To whose bright Image nightly by the Moon [ 440 ]
Sidonian Virgins paid thir Vows and Songs,
In Sion also not unsung, where stood
Her Temple on th' offensive Mountain, built
By that uxorious King, whose heart though large,
Beguil'd by fair Idolatresses, fell [ 445 ]
To Idols foul. Thammuz came next behind,
Whose annual wound in Lebanon allur'd
The Syrian Damsels to lament his fate
In amorous dittyes all a Summers day,
While smooth Adonis from his native Rock [ 450 ]
Ran purple to the Sea, suppos'd with blood
Of Thammuz yearly wounded: the Love-tale
Infected Sions daughters with like heat,
Whose wanton passions in the sacred Porch
Ezekiel saw, when by the Vision led [ 455 ]
His eye survay'd the dark Idolatries
Of alienated Judah. Next came one
Who mourn'd in earnest, when the Captive Ark
Maim'd his brute Image, head and hands lopt off
In his own Temple, on the grunsel edge, [ 460 ]
Where he fell flat, and sham'd his Worshipers:
Dagon his Name, Sea Monster, upward Man
And downward Fish: yet had his Temple high
Rear'd in Azotus, dreaded through the Coast
Of Palestine, in Gath and Ascalon [ 465 ]
And Accaron and Gaza's frontier bounds.
Him follow'd Rimmon, whose delightful Seat
Was fair Damascus, on the fertil Banks
Of Abbana and Pharphar, lucid streams.
He also against the house of God was bold: [ 470 ]
A Leper once he lost and gain'd a King,
Ahaz his sottish Conquerour, whom he drew
Gods Altar to disparage and displace
For one of Syrian mode, whereon to burn
His odious off'rings, and adore the Gods [ 475 ]
Whom he had vanquisht. After these appear'd
A crew who under Names of old Renown,
Osiris, Isis, Orus and their Train
With monstrous shapes and sorceries abus'd
Fanatic Egypt and her Priests, to seek [ 480 ]
Thir wandring Gods disguis'd in brutish forms
Rather then human. Nor did Israel scape
Th' infection when thir borrow'd Gold compos'd
The Calf in Oreb: and the Rebel King
Doubl'd that sin in Bethel and in Dan, [ 485 ]
Lik'ning his Maker to the Grazed Ox,
Jehovah, who in one Night when he pass'd
From Egypt marching, equal'd with one stroke
Both her first born and all her bleating Gods.
Belial came last, then whom a Spirit more lewd [ 490 ]
Fell not from Heaven, or more gross to love
Vice for it self: To him no Temple stood
Or Altar smoak'd; yet who more oft then hee
In Temples and at Altars, when the Priest
Turns Atheist, as did Ely's Sons, who fill'd [ 495 ]
With lust and violence the house of God.
In Courts and Palaces he also Reigns
And in luxurious Cities, where the noyse
Of riot ascends above thir loftiest Towrs,
And injury and outrage: And when Night [ 500 ]
Darkens the Streets, then wander forth the Sons
Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.
Witness the Streets of Sodom, and that night
In Gibeah, when the hospitable door
Expos'd a Matron to avoid worse rape. [ 505 ]
These were the prime in order and in might;
The rest were long to tell, though far renown'd,
Th' Ionian Gods, of Javans Issue held
Gods, yet confest later then Heav'n and Earth
Thir boasted Parents; Titan Heav'ns first born [ 510 ]
With his enormous brood, and birthright seis'd
By younger Saturn, he from mightier Jove
His own and Rhea's Son like measure found;
So Jove usurping reign'd: these first in Creet
And Ida known, thence on the Snowy top [ 515 ]
Of cold Olympus rul'd the middle Air
Thir highest Heav'n; or on the Delphian Cliff,
Or in Dodona, and through all the bounds
Of Doric Land; or who with Saturn old
Fled over Adria to th' Hesperian Fields, [ 520 ]
And ore the Celtic roam'd the utmost Isles.
All these and more came flocking; but with looks
Down cast and damp, yet such wherein appear'd
Obscure some glimps of joy, to have found thir chief
Not in despair, to have found themselves not lost [ 525 ]
In loss it self; which on his count'nance cast
Like doubtful hue: but he his wonted pride
Soon recollecting, with high words, that bore
Semblance of worth, not substance, gently rais'd
Thir fainting courage, and dispel'd thir fears. [ 530 ]
Then strait commands that at the warlike sound
Of Trumpets loud and Clarions be upreard
His mighty Standard; that proud honour claim'd
Azazel as his right, a Cherube tall:
Who forthwith from the glittering Staff unfurld [ 535 ]
Th' Imperial Ensign, which full high advanc't
Shon like a Meteor streaming to the Wind
With Gemms and Golden lustre rich imblaz'd,
Seraphic arms and Trophies: all the while
Sonorous mettal blowing Martial sounds: [ 540 ]
At which the universal Host upsent
A shout that tore Hells Concave, and beyond
Frighted the Reign of Chaos and old Night.
All in a moment through the gloom were seen
Ten thousand Banners rise into the Air [ 545 ]
With Orient Colours waving: with them rose
A Forest huge of Spears: and thronging Helms
Appear'd, and serried shields in thick array
Of depth immeasurable: Anon they move
In perfect Phalanx to the Dorian mood [ 550 ]
Of Flutes and soft Recorders; such as rais'd
To hight of noblest temper Hero's old
Arming to Battel, and in stead of rage
Deliberate valour breath'd, firm and unmov'd
With dread of death to flight or foul retreat, [ 555 ]
Nor wanting power to mitigate and swage
With solemn touches, troubl'd thoughts, and chase
Anguish and doubt and fear and sorrow and pain
From mortal or immortal minds. Thus they
Breathing united force with fixed thought [ 560 ]
Mov'd on in silence to soft Pipes that charm'd
Thir painful steps o're the burnt soyle; and now
Advanc't in view, they stand, a horrid Front
Of dreadful length and dazling Arms, in guise
Of Warriers old with order'd Spear and Shield, [ 565 ]
Awaiting what command thir mighty Chief
Had to impose: He through the armed Files
Darts his experienc't eye, and soon traverse
The whole Battalion views, thir order due,
Thir visages and stature as of Gods, [ 570 ]
Thir number last he summs. And now his heart
Distends with pride, and hardning in his strength
Glories: For never since created man,
Met such imbodied force, as nam'd with these
Could merit more then that small infantry [ 575 ]
Warr'd on by Cranes: though all the Giant brood
Of Phlegra with th' Heroic Race were joyn'd
That fought at Theb's and Ilium, on each side
Mixt with auxiliar Gods; and what resounds
In Fable or Romance of Uthers Son [ 580 ]
Begirt with British and Armoric Knights;
And all who since, Baptiz'd or Infidel
Jousted in Aspramont or Montalban,
Damasco, or Marocco, or Trebisond,
Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore [ 585 ]
When Charlemain with all his Peerage fell
By Fontarabbia. Thus far these beyond
Compare of mortal prowess, yet observ'd
Thir dread commander: he above the rest
In shape and gesture proudly eminent [ 590 ]
Stood like a Towr; his form had yet not lost
All her Original brightness, nor appear'd
Less then Arch Angel ruind, and th' excess
Of Glory obscur'd: As when the Sun new ris'n
Looks through the Horizontal misty Air [ 595 ]
Shorn of his Beams, or from behind the Moon
In dim Eclips disastrous twilight sheds
On half the Nations, and with fear of change
Perplexes Monarchs. Dark'n'd so, yet shon
Above them all th' Arch Angel: but his face [ 600 ]
Deep scars of Thunder had intrencht, and care
Sat on his faded cheek, but under Browes
Of dauntless courage, and considerate Pride
Waiting revenge: cruel his eye, but cast
Signs of remorse and passion to behold [ 605 ]
The fellows of his crime, the followers rather
(Far other once beheld in bliss) condemn'd
For ever now to have thir lot in pain,
Millions of Spirits for his fault amerc't
Of Heav'n, and from Eternal Splendors flung [ 610 ]
For his revolt, yet faithfull how they stood,
Thir Glory witherd. As when Heavens Fire
Hath scath'd the Forrest Oaks, or Mountain Pines,
With singed top thir stately growth though bare
Stands on the blasted Heath. He now prepar'd [ 615 ]
To speak; whereat thir doubl'd Ranks they bend
From wing to wing, and half enclose him round
With all his Peers: attention held them mute.
Thrice he assayd, and thrice in spight of scorn,
Tears such as Angels weep, burst forth: at last [ 620 ]
Words interwove with sighs found out thir way.
O Myriads of immortal Spirits, O Powers
Matchless, but with th' Almighty, and that strife
Was not inglorious, though th' event was dire,
As this place testifies, and this dire change [ 625 ]
Hateful to utter: but what power of mind
Foreseeing or presaging, from the Depth
Of knowledge past or present, could have fear'd,
How such united force of Gods, how such
As stood like these, could ever know repulse? [ 630 ]
For who can yet beleeve, though after loss,
That all these puissant Legions, whose exile
Hath emptied Heav'n, shall fail to re-ascend
Self-rais'd, and repossess thir native seat?
For mee be witness all the Host of Heav'n, [ 635 ]
If counsels different, or danger shun'd
By me, have lost our hopes. But he who reigns
Monarch in Heav'n, till then as one secure
Sat on his Throne, upheld by old repute,
Consent or custome, and his Regal State [ 640 ]
Put forth at full, but still his strength conceal'd,
Which tempted our attempt, and wrought our fall.
Henceforth his might we know, and know our own
So as not either to provoke, or dread
New warr, provok't; our better part remains [ 645 ]
To work in close design, by fraud or guile
What force effected not: that he no less
At length from us may find, who overcomes
By force, hath overcome but half his foe.
Space may produce new Worlds; whereof so rife [ 650 ]
There went a fame in Heav'n that he ere long
Intended to create, and therein plant
A generation, whom his choice regard
Should favour equal to the Sons of Heaven:
Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps
Our first eruption, thither or elsewhere: [ 655 ]
For this Infernal Pit shall never hold
Cælestial Spirits in Bondage, nor th' Abyss
Long under darkness cover. But these thoughts
Full Counsel must mature: Peace is despaird, [ 660 ]
For who can think Submission? Warr then, Warr
Open or understood must be resolv'd.
He spake: and to confirm his words, out-flew
Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs
Of mighty Cherubim; the sudden blaze [ 665 ]
Far round illumin'd hell: highly they rag'd
Against the Highest, and fierce with grasped arms
Clash'd on thir sounding Shields the din of war,
Hurling defiance toward the vault of Heav'n.
There stood a Hill not far whose griesly top [ 670 ]
Belch'd fire and rowling smoak; the rest entire
Shon with a glossie scurff, undoubted sign
That in his womb was hid metallic Ore,
The work of Sulphur. Thither wing'd with speed
A numerous Brigad hasten'd. As when Bands [ 675 ]
Of Pioners with Spade and Pickax arm'd
Forerun the Royal Camp, to trench a Field,
Or cast a Rampart. Mammon led them on,
Mammon, the least erected Spirit that fell
From heav'n, for ev'n in heav'n his looks and thoughts [ 680 ]
Were always downward bent, admiring more
The riches of Heav'ns pavement, trod'n Gold,
Then aught divine or holy else enjoy'd
In vision beatific: by him first
Men also, and by his suggestion taught, [ 685 ]
Ransack'd the Center, and with impious hands
Rifl'd the bowels of thir mother Earth
For Treasures better hid. Soon had his crew
Op'nd into the Hill a spacious wound
And dig'd out ribs of Gold. Let none admire [ 690 ]
That riches grow in Hell; that soyle may best
Deserve the precious bane. And here let those
Who boast in mortal things, and wond'ring tell
Of Babel, and the works of Memphian Kings
Learn how thir greatest Monuments of Fame, [ 695 ]
And Strength and Art are easily out-done
By Spirits reprobate, and in an hour
What in an age they with incessant toyle
And hands innumerable scarce perform.
Nigh on the Plain in many cells prepar'd, [ 700 ]
That underneath had veins of liquid fire
Sluc'd from the Lake, a second multitude
With wondrous Art found out the massie Ore,
Severing each kind, and scum'd the Bullion dross:
A third as soon had form'd within the ground [ 705 ]
A various mould, and from the boyling cells
By strange conveyance fill'd each hollow nook,
As in an Organ from one blast of wind
To many a row of Pipes the sound-board breaths.
Anon out of the earth a Fabrick huge [ 710 ]
Rose like an Exhalation, with the sound
Of Dulcet Symphonies and voices sweet,
Built like a Temple, where Pilasters round
Were set, and Doric pillars overlaid
With Golden Architrave; nor did there want [ 715 ]
Cornice or Freeze, with bossy Sculptures grav'n,
The Roof was fretted Gold. Not Babilon,
Nor great Alcairo such magnificence
Equal'd in all thir glories, to inshrine
Belus or Serapis thir Gods, or seat [ 720 ]
Thir Kings, when Ægypt with Assyria strove
In wealth and luxurie. Th' ascending pile
Stood fixt her stately highth, and strait the dores
Op'ning thir brazen foulds discover wide
Within, her ample spaces, o're the smooth [ 725 ]
And level pavement: from the arched roof
Pendant by suttle Magic many a row
Of Starry Lamps and blazing Cressets fed
With Naphtha and Asphaltus yeilded light
As from a sky. The hasty multitude [ 730 ]
Admiring enter'd, and the work some praise
And some the Architect: his hand was known
In Heav'n by many a Towred structure high,
Where Scepter'd Angels held thir residence,
And sat as Princes, whom the supreme King [ 735 ]
Exalted to such power, and gave to rule,
Each in his Hierarchie, the Orders bright.
Nor was his name unheard or unador'd
In ancient Greece; and in Ausonian land
Men call'd him Mulciber; and how he fell [ 740 ]
From Heav'n, they fabl'd, thrown by angry Jove
Sheer o're the Chrystal Battlements: from Morn
To Noon he fell, from Noon to dewy Eve,
A Summers day; and with the setting Sun
Dropt from the Zenith like a falling Star, [ 745 ]
On Lemnos th' Ægean Ile: thus they relate,
Erring; for he with this rebellious rout
Fell long before; nor aught avail'd him now
To have built in Heav'n high Towrs; nor did he scape
By all his Engins, but was headlong sent [ 750 ]
With his industrious crew to build in hell.
Mean while the winged Haralds by command
Of Sovran power, with awful Ceremony
And Trumpets sound throughout the Host proclaim
A solemn Councel forthwith to be held [ 755 ]
At Pandæmonium, the high Capital
Of Satan and his Peers: thir summons call'd
From every Band and squared Regiment
By place or choice the worthiest; they anon
With hunderds and with thousands trooping came [ 760 ]
Attended: all access was throng'd, the Gates
And Porches wide, but chief the spacious Hall
(Though like a cover'd field, where Champions bold
Wont ride in arm'd, and at the Soldans chair
Defi'd the best of Paynim chivalry [ 765 ]
To mortal combat or carreer with Lance)
Thick swarm'd, both on the ground and in the air,
Brusht with the hiss of russling wings. As Bees
In spring time, when the Sun with Taurus rides,
Pour forth thir populous youth about the Hive [ 770 ]
In clusters; they among fresh dews and flowers
Flie to and fro, or on the smoothed Plank,
The suburb of thir Straw-built Cittadel,
New rub'd with Baum, expatiate and confer
Thir State affairs. So thick the aerie crowd [ 775 ]
Swarm'd and were straitn'd; till the Signal giv'n.
Behold a wonder! they but now who seemd
In bigness to surpass Earths Giant Sons
Now less then smallest Dwarfs, in narrow room
Throng numberless, like that Pigmean Race [ 780 ]
Beyond the Indian Mount, or Faerie Elves,
Whose midnight Revels, by a Forrest side
Or Fountain some belated Peasant sees,
Or dreams he sees, while over-head the Moon
Sits Arbitress, and neerer to the Earth [ 785 ]
Wheels her pale course, they on thir mirth and dance
Intent, with jocond Music charm his ear;
At once with joy and fear his heart rebounds.
Thus incorporeal Spirits to smallest forms
Reduc'd thir shapes immense, and were at large, [ 790 ]
Though without number still amidst the Hall
Of that infernal Court. But far within
And in thir own dimensions like themselves
The great Seraphic Lords and Cherubim
In close recess and secret conclave sat [ 795 ]
A thousand Demy-Gods on golden seats,
Frequent and full. After short silence then
And summons read, the great consult began.
The End of the First Book.
Terrorism
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Terrorism
Definitions
History
International conventions
Anti-terrorism legislation
Counter-terrorism
War on Terrorism
Red Terror
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Communist
Eco-terrorism
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Nationalist
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Types and tactics
Agro-terrorism
Bioterrorism
Car bombing
Environmental
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v • d • e
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The image above is proposed for deletion. See images and media for deletion to help reach a consensus on what to do.Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[1] There is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism.[2][3] Most common definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants. Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war.
Terrorism can also be a form of unconventional warfare or psychological warfare. The word is politically and emotionally charged,[4] and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. One 1988 study by the US Army found that over 100 definitions of the word "terrorism" have been used.[5] A person who practices terrorism is a terrorist. The concept of terrorism is itself controversial because it is often used by states to delegitimize political opponents, and thus legitimize the state's own use of terror against those opponents.
Terrorism has been used by a broad array of political organizations in furthering their objectives; both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic, and religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments.[6] The presence of non-state actors in widespread armed conflict has created controversy regarding the application of the laws of war.
While acts of terrorism are criminal acts as per the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 and domestic jurisprudence of almost all countries in the world, terrorism refers to a phenomenon including the actual acts, the perpetrators of acts of terrorism themselves and their motives. There is disagreement on definitions of terrorism.
Contents [hide]
1 Origin of term
2 Key criteria
3 Pejorative use
4 Definition in international law
5 Types of terrorism
6 Politics and terrorism
6.1 Democracy and domestic terrorism
7 Perpetrators
7.1 Terrorist groups
7.2 State sponsors
7.3 State terrorism
8 Tactics
9 Responses to terrorism
10 Mass media
11 History
12 See also
13 Further reading
13.1 UN conventions
13.2 News monitoring websites specializing on articles on terrorism
13.3 Papers and articles on global terrorism
13.4 Papers and articles on terrorism and the United States
13.5 Papers and articles on terrorism and Israel
13.6 Global Muslim public opinion on terrorism and political violence from the World Values Survey
13.7 Other
14 Footnotes
[edit] Origin of term
Main article: Definition of terrorism
See also: State terrorism
The word "terrorism" was first used in reference to Austin and Cameron during the Presidential elections. In many countries, acts of terrorism are legally distinguished from criminal acts done for other purposes, and "terrorism" is defined by statute; see definition of terrorism for particular definitions. Common principles among legal definitions of terrorism provide an emerging consensus as to meaning and also foster cooperation between law enforcement personnel in different countries. Among these definitions there are several that do not recognize the possibility of legitimate use of violence by civilians against an invader in an occupied country and would, thus label all resistance movements as terrorist groups. Others make a distinction between lawful and unlawful use of violence. Ultimately, the distinction is a political judgment.[7] In November 2004, a United Nations Security Council report described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act." (Note that this report does not constitute international law.)[8] U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) defined terrorism as: “The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” [9]
[edit] Key criteria
Official definitions determine counter-terrorism policy and are often developed to serve it. Most government definitions outline the following key criteria: target, objective, motive, perpetrator, and legitimacy or legality of the act. Terrorism is also often recognizable by a following statement from the perpetrators.
Violence – According to Walter Laqueur of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "the only general characteristic of terrorism generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence." However, the criterion of violence alone does not produce a useful definition, as it includes many acts not usually considered terrorism: war, riot, organized crime, or even a simple assault. Property destruction that does not endanger life is not usually considered a violent crime, but some have described property destruction by the Earth Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front as violence and terrorism; see eco-terrorism.
Psychological impact and fear – The attack was carried out in such a way as to maximize the severity and length of the psychological impact. Each act of terrorism is a “performance,” devised to have an impact on many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols to show their power and to shake the foundation of the country or society they are opposed to. This may negatively affect a government's legitimacy, while increasing the legitimacy of the given terrorist organization and/or ideology behind a terrorist act.[10]
Perpetrated for a political goal – Something all terrorist attacks have in common is their perpetration for a political purpose. Terrorism is a political tactic, not unlike letter writing or protesting, that is used by activists when they believe no other means will effect the kind of change they desire. The change is desired so badly that failure is seen as a worse outcome than the deaths of civilians. This is often where the interrelationship between terrorism and religion occurs. When a political struggle is integrated into the framework of a religious or "cosmic"[11] struggle, such as over the control of an ancestral homeland or holy site such as Israel and Jerusalem, failing in the political goal (nationalism) becomes equated with spiritual failure, which, for the highly committed, is worse than their own death or the deaths of innocent civilians.
Deliberate targeting of non-combatants – It is commonly held that the distinctive nature of terrorism lies in its intentional and specific selection of civilians as direct targets. Specifically, the criminal intent is shown when babies, children, mothers, and the elderly are murdered, or injured, and put in harm's way. Much of the time, the victims of terrorism are targeted not because they are threats, but because they are specific "symbols, tools, animals or corrupt beings" that tie into a specific view of the world that the terrorist possess. Their suffering accomplishes the terrorists' goals of instilling fear, getting a message out to an audience, or otherwise accomplishing their often radical religious and political ends.[12]
Disguise – Terrorists almost invariably pretend to be non-combatants, hide among non-combatants, fight from in the midst of non-combatants, and when they can, strive to mislead and provoke the government soldiers into attacking the wrong people, that the government may be blamed for it. When an enemy is identifiable as a combatant, the word terrorism is rarely used.[citation needed]
Unlawfulness or illegitimacy – Some official (notably government) definitions of terrorism add a criterion of illegitimacy or unlawfulness[13] to distinguish between actions authorized by a government (and thus "lawful") and those of other actors, including individuals and small groups. Using this criterion, actions that would otherwise qualify as terrorism would not be considered terrorism if they were government sanctioned. For example, firebombing a city, which is designed to affect civilian support for a cause, would not be considered terrorism if it were authorized by a government. This criterion is inherently problematic and is not universally accepted, because: it denies the existence of state terrorism; the same act may or may not be classed as terrorism depending on whether its sponsorship is traced to a "legitimate" government; "legitimacy" and "lawfulness" are subjective, depending on the perspective of one government or another; and it diverges from the historically accepted meaning and origin of the term.[14][15][16][17] For these reasons this criterion is not universally accepted. Most dictionary definitions of the term do not include this criterion.
[edit] Pejorative use
The term "terrorism" and "terrorist" (someone who engages in terrorism) carry a strong negative connotation. These terms are often used as political labels to condemn violence or threat of violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, unjustified or to condemn an entire segment of a population.[18] Those labeled "terrorists" rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other euphemistic terms or terms specific to their situation, such as: separatist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, or any similar-meaning word in other languages and cultures. Jihadi, mujaheddin, and fedayeen are similar Arabic words that have entered the English lexicon.
This is further complicated by the moral ambiguity that surrounds terrorism. On the question of whether particular terrorist acts, such as murder, can be justified as the lesser evil in a particular circumstance, philosophers have expressed different views: While, according to David Rodin, utilitarian philosophers can in theory conceive of cases in which evil of terrorism is outweighed by important goods that can be achieved in no morally less costly way, in practice utilitarians often universally reject terrorism because it is very dubious that acts of terrorism achieve important goods in a utility efficient manner, or that the "harmful effects of undermining the convention of non-combatant immunity is thought to outweigh the goods that may be achieved by particular acts of terrorism." [19] Among the non-utilitarian philosophers, Michael Walzer argued that terrorism is always morally wrong but at the same time those who engaged in terrorism can be morally justified in one specific case: when "a nation or community faces the extreme threat of complete destruction and the only way it can preserve itself is by intentionally targeting non-combatants, then it is morally entitled to do so." [19]
In his book "Inside Terrorism" Bruce Hoffman wrote in Chapter One: Defining Terrorism that
"On one point, at least, everyone agrees: terrorism is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore. 'What is called terrorism,' Brian Jenkins has written, `'thus seems to depend on one's point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgment; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded others to adopt its moral viewpoint.' Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization `terrorist' becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person/group/cause concerned. If one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is terrorism. If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive (or, at the worst, an ambivalent) light; and it is not terrorism."[4]
The pejorative connotations of the word can be summed up in the aphorism, "One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter." This is exemplified when a group that uses irregular military methods is an ally of a State against a mutual enemy, but later falls out with the State and starts to use the same methods against its former ally. During World War II, the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army was allied with the British, but during the Malayan Emergency, members of its successor, the Malayan Races Liberation Army, were branded terrorists by the British.[20][21] More recently, Ronald Reagan and others in the American administration frequently called the Afghan Mujahideen freedom fighters during their war against the Soviet Union,[22] yet twenty years later when a new generation of Afghan men are fighting against what they perceive to be a regime installed by foreign powers, their attacks are labelled terrorism by George W. Bush.[23][24] Groups accused of terrorism usually prefer terms that reflect legitimate military or ideological action.[25][26][27] Leading terrorism researcher Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's Carleton University, defines "terrorist acts" as attacks against civilians for political or other ideological goals, and goes on to say:
"There is the famous statement: 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.' But that is grossly misleading. It assesses the validity of the cause when terrorism is an act. One can have a perfectly beautiful cause and yet if one commits terrorist acts, it is terrorism regardless."[28]
Some groups, when involved in a "liberation" struggle, have been called terrorists by the Western governments or media. Later, these same persons, as leaders of the liberated nations, are called statesmen by similar organizations. Two examples of this phenomenon are the Nobel Peace Prize laureates Menachem Begin and Nelson Mandela.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Sometimes states that are close allies, for reasons of history, culture and politics, can disagree over whether members of a certain organization are terrorists. For example for many years some branches of the United States government refused to label members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) as terrorists, while it was using methods against one of the United States' closest allies (Britain) that Britain branded as terrorist attacks. This was highlighted by the Quinn v. Robinson case.[36][37]
Many times the term "terrorism" and "extremism" are interchangeably used. However, there is a significant difference between the two. Terrorism essentially threat or act of physical violence. Extremism involves using non-physical instruments to mobilise minds to achieve political or ideological ends. For instance, Al Qaeda is involved in terrorism. The Iranian revolution of 1979 is a case of extremism. A global research report An Inclusive World (2007) asserts that extremism poses a more serious threat than terrorism in the decades to come.
For these and other reasons, media outlets wishing to preserve a reputation for impartiality are extremely careful in their use of the term.[38][39]
[edit] Definition in international law
There are several International conventions on terrorism with somewhat different definitions.[40] The United Nations sees this lack of agreement as a serious problem.[40]
[edit] Types of terrorism
In the spring of 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee was entitled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff.[41] The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.
Civil Disorders – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.
Political Terrorism – Violent criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
Non-Political Terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”
Quasi-Terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.
Limited Political Terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the State.
Official or State Terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
In an analysis prepared for U.S. Intelligence[42] four typologies are mentioned.
Nationalist-Separatist
Religious Fundamentalist
New Religious
Social Revolutionary
[edit] Politics and terrorism
Terrorism is currently, and has been historically, an important issue in politics around the world. Parties on the right of the political spectrum are usually more security focused then parties on the left. It is therefore perceived that terrorist threats or acts are beneficial to the electoral results of the right wing parties.[43]
[edit] Democracy and domestic terrorism
The relationship between domestic terrorism and democracy is complex. Such terrorism is most common in nations with intermediate political freedom and that the nations with the least terrorism are the most democratic nations.[44][45][46][47] However, one study suggests that suicide terrorism may be an exception to this general rule. Evidence regarding this particular method of terrorism reveals that every modern suicide campaign has targeted a democracy- a state with a considerable degree of political freedom. The study suggests that concessions awarded to terrorists during the 1980s and 1990s for suicide attacks increased their frequency.[48]
Some examples of "terrorism" in non-democracies include ETA in Spain under Francisco Franco, the Shining Path in Peru under Alberto Fujimori, the Kurdistan Workers Party when Turkey was ruled by military leaders and the ANC in South Africa. Democracies, such as the United States, Israel, and the Philippines, also have experienced domestic terrorism.
While a democratic nation espousing civil liberties may claim a sense of higher moral ground than other regimes, an act of terrorism within such a state may cause a perceived dilemma: whether to maintain its civil liberties and thus risk being perceived as ineffective in dealing with the problem; or alternatively to restrict its civil liberties and thus risk delegitimizing its claim of supporting civil liberties. This dilemma, some social theorists would conclude, may very well play into the initial plans of the acting terrorist(s); namely, to delegitimize the state.[49]
[edit] Perpetrators
Acts of terrorism can be carried out by individuals, groups, or states. According to some definitions, clandestine or semi-clandestine state actors may also carry out terrorist acts outside the framework of a state of war. However, the most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by small and secretive cells, highly motivated to serve a particular cause and many of the most deadly operations in recent times, such as 9/11, the London underground bombing, and the 2002 Bali bombing were planned and carried out by a close clique, composed of close friends, family members and other strong social networks. These groups benefited from the free flow of information and efficient Telecommunications to succeed where others had failed. [50] Over the years, many people have attempted to come up with a terrorist profile to attempt to explain these individuals' actions through their psychology and social circumstances. Others, like Roderick Hindery, have sought to discern profiles in the propaganda tactics used by terrorists.
It has been found that a "terrorist" will look, dress, and behave like a normal person, such as a university student, until he or she executes the assigned mission. Terrorist profiling based on personality, physical, or sociological traits would not appear to be particularly useful. The physical and behavioral description of the terrorist could describe almost any normal young person.[51]
[edit] Terrorist groups
Main articles: List of designated terrorist organizations and Lone wolf (terrorism)
[edit] State sponsors
Main article: State-sponsored terrorism
A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a terrorist organization. Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of state-sponsored terrorism or not vary widely. When states provide funding for groups considered by some to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such.
[edit] State terrorism
Main article: State terrorism
“ Civilization is based on a clearly defined and widely accepted yet often unarticulated hierarchy. Violence done by those higher on the hierarchy to those lower is nearly always invisible, that is, unnoticed. When it is noticed, it is fully rationalized. Violence done by those lower on the hierarchy to those higher is unthinkable, and when it does occur is regarded with shock, horror, and the fetishization of the victims. ”
— Derrick Jensen [52]
The concept of state terrorism is controversial. [53] Military actions by states during war are usually not considered terrorism, even when they involve significant civilian casualties.[citation needed] The Chairman of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee has stated that the Committee was conscious of the 12 international Conventions on the subject, and none of them referred to State terrorism, which was not an international legal concept. If States abused their power, they should be judged against international conventions dealing with war crimes, international human rights and international humanitarian law.[4] Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan has said that it is "time to set aside debates on so-called 'state terrorism'. The use of force by states is already thoroughly regulated under international law"[54] However, he also made clear that, "...regardless of the differences between governments on the question of definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any deliberate attack on innocent civilians, regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."[55]
State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts by governmental agents or forces. This involve the use of state resources employed by a state's foreign policies, such as the using its military to directly perform acts of considered to be state terrorism. Professor of Political Science, Michael Stohl cites the examples that include Germany’s bombing of London and the U.S. atomic destruction of Hiroshima during World War II. He argues that “the use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents." They also cite the First strike option as an example of the "terror of coercive dipolomacy" as a form of this, which holds the world "hostage,' with the implied threat of using nuclear weapons in "crisis management." They argue that the institutionalized form of terrorism has occurred as a result of changes that took place following World War ll. In this analysis, state terrorism exhibited as a form of foreign policy was shaped by the presence and use of weapons of mass destruction, and that the legitimizing of such violent behavior led to an increasingly accepted form of this state behavior. (Michael Stohl, “The Superpowers and International Terror” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Atlanta, March 27-April 1, 1984;"Terrible beyond Endurance? The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism." 1988;The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression, 1984 P49).
State terrorism is has also been used to describe peace time actions by governmental agents or forces, such as the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 flight. The concept is also used to describe political repressions by governments against their own civilian population with the purpose to incite fear. For example, taking and executing civilian hostages or extrjuducial elimination campaigns are commonly considered "terror" or terrorism, for example during Red Terror or Great Terror [43]. Such actions are often also described as democide which has been argued to be equivalent to state terrorism[56] Empirical studies on this have found that democracies have little democide.[57][58]
[edit] Tactics
Main article: Tactics of terrorism
Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare, and is more common when direct conventional warfare either cannot be (due to differentials in available forces) or is not being used to resolve the underlying conflict.
The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale, unresolved political conflict. The type of conflict varies widely; historical examples include:
Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state
Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
Imposition of a particular form of government
Economic deprivation of a population
Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity. They usually use explosives or poison, but there is also concern about terrorist attacks using weapons of mass destruction. Terrorist organizations usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train participants, plant "undercover" agents, and raise money from supporters or through organized crime. Communication may occur through modern telecommunications, or through old-fashioned methods such as couriers.
[edit] Responses to terrorism
Main article: Responses to terrorism
Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. They can include re-alignments of the political spectrum and reassessments of fundamental values. The term counter-terrorism has a narrower connotation, implying that it is directed at terrorist actors.
Specific types of responses include:
Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police powers
Target hardening, such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers
Pre-emptive or reactive military action
Increased intelligence and surveillance activities
Pre-emptive humanitarian activities
More permissive interrogation and detention policies
Official acceptance of torture as a valid tool
[edit] Mass media
Media exposure may be a primary goal of those carrying out terrorism, to expose issues that would otherwise be ignored by the media. Some consider this to be manipulation and exploitation of the media.[59] Others consider terrorism itself to be a symptom of a highly controlled mass media, which does not otherwise give voice to alternative viewpoints, a view expressed by Paul Watson who has stated that controlled media is responsible for terrorism, because "you cannot get your information across any other way". Paul Watson's organization Sea Shepherd has itself been branded "eco-terrorist", although it claims to have not caused any casualties.
The mass media will often censor organizations involved in terrorism (through self-restraint or regulation) to discourage further terrorism. However, this may encourage organisations to perform more extreme acts of terrorism to be shown in the mass media.
There is always a point at which the terrorist ceases to manipulate the media gestalt. A point at which the violence may well escalate, but beyond which the terrorist has become symptomatic of the media gestalt itself. Terrorism as we ordinarily understand it is innately media-related.
—Novelist William Gibson[60]
[edit] History
Main article: History of terrorism
The modern English term "terrorism" dates back to 1795 when it was used to describe the actions of the Jacobin Club in their rule of post-Revolutionary France, the so-called "Reign of Terror".
[edit] See also
List of terrorist incidents
List of terrorist organisations
9/11
7/7
Abortion clinic bombers
Agent provocateur
Christian Terrorism
Colombian Armed Conflict (1960s–present)
Communist Terrorism
Conspiracy theory
Counter-terrorism
Cyber-terrorism
Destructive cult
Domestic terrorist (United States)
Eco-terrorism
False flag operations
Hate crime
Hate group
Hirabah
Indoctrination
Islamic Terrorism
Middle east
Narcoterrorism
Northern Ireland
Nuclear 9/11
Propaganda
Strategy of tension
Suicide attack
Symbionese Liberation Army
Ten Threats identified by the United Nations
Terror bombing
Terrorism insurance
Terrorist Screening Center
Unconventional warfare
Weather Underground
World Trade Center
[edit] Further reading
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
TerrorismKöchler, Hans (ed.), Terrorism and National Liberation. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Question of Terrorism. Frankfurt a. M./Bern/New York: Peter Lang, 1988, ISBN 3-8204-1217-4
Köchler, Hans. Manila Lectures 2002. Terrorism and the Quest for a Just World Order. Quezon City (Manila): FSJ Book World, 2002, ISBN 0-9710791-2-9
Laqueur, Walter. No End to War - Terrorism in the 21st century, New York, 2003, ISBN 0-8264-1435-4
Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds. Terrorism : essential primary sources. Thomson Gale, 2006. ISBN 9781414406213 Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms LC Control Number: 2005024002.
Lewis, Jeff, Language Wars: The Role of Media and Culture in Global Terror and Political Violence, Pluto Books, London, 2005.
Lieberman, David M. Sorting the revolutionary from the terrorist: The delicate application of the "Political Offense" exception in U.S. extradition case, Stanford Law Review, Volume 59, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 181-211
Sunga, Lyal S., US Anti-Terrorism Policy and Asia’s Options, in Johannen, Smith and Gomez, (eds.) September 11 & Political Freedoms: Asian Perspectives (Select) (2002) 242-264.
Charles Tilly, Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists in Sociological Theory (2004) 22, 5-13 online
Christian Buder, "Die Todesstrafe, Tabu und Terror", VDM-Verlag, Saarbrücken, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8364-5163-5
Arno Tausch 'Against Islamophobia. Quantitative analyses of global terrorism, world political cycles and center periphery structures' Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers (for info: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/), 2007
[edit] UN conventions
United Nations: Conventions on Terrorism
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: "Conventions against terrorism". Archived from the original on 2007-08-05. "There are 12 major multilateral conventions and protocols related to states' responsibilities for combating terrorism. But many states are not yet party to these legal instruments, or are not yet implementing them."
[edit] News monitoring websites specializing on articles on terrorism
Insurgency Research Group - Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of terrorism, insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy.
A reliable and daily updated Open Sources Center that includes a "Terrorism" section. by ISRIA.
Diplomacy Monitor - Terrorism
Jihad Monitor
[edit] Papers and articles on global terrorism
Audrey Kurth Cronin, "Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism," International Security, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Winter 2002/03), pp. 30-58.
Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil Wars (2004) in Journal of Ethics 8:1, 97-138.
Prof. Troy Duster "From Theatre of War to Terrorism"
Syed Ubaidur Rahman "Thousands of Muslims gather to denounce terrorism"
Hans Köchler, The United Nations, the International Rule of Law and Terrorism. Supreme Court of the Philippines, Centenary Lecture (2002)
Hans Köchler, The United Nations and International Terrorism. Challenges to Collective Security (2002)
GTD, successor to the Terrorism Knowledge Base
Global War on Terrorism / Strategic Studies Institute
Terrorism Research Center - Terrorism research site started in 1996.
Terror Finance Blog - Multi-expert website dealing with terrorism finance issues.
Terrorism Research - International Terrorism and Security Research
Scale invariance in global terrorism
Security News Line: Global Terrorism and Counter-terrorism www.debriefed.org
The Evolution of Terrorism in 2005. A statistical assessment An article by Rik Coolsaet and Teun Van de Voorde, University of Ghent
Terrorism/Anti-terrorism - An analysis on the causes and uses of terrorism
[61] "Al Qaeda's New Front," PBS "Frontline" January 2005. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the locus of the investigation quickly shifted to Europe and the network of radical Islamic jihadis who are part of "Eurabia," the continent's expanding Muslim communities. Since 9/11 America has been spared what authorities feared and expected: a second wave of attacks. Instead Europe, once a logistical base for Islamic radicals and a safe haven, has itself become the target.
Teaching Terrorism and Counterterrorism with lesson plans, bibliographies, resources; from US Military Academy
"European Union’s Security With Regard to the International Situation After September 2001". Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. - Special Report on Terrorism in the European Union on 'Analyzing EU'
Germany's contribution to the fight against global terrorism
"Al Qaeda Today: The New Face of the Global Jihad," by Marlena Telvick, PBS Frontline, January 2005.[62] Former CIA caseworker Dr. Marc Sageman explains how Al Qaeda has evolved from an operational organization into a larger social movement, and the implications for U.S. counterterror efforts.
The Intelligence & Terrorism Information Center- www.terrorism-info.org.il
Quantitative World System Studies Contradict Current Islamophobia: World Political Cycles, Global Terrorism, and World Development. Arno Tausch, Innsbruck University - Faculty of Political Science and Sociology - Department of Political Science, Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 1 & 2, Spring-Summer 2007, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=976864
[edit] Papers and articles on terrorism and the United States
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism. by Robert L. Worden, Ph.D.
Leonard Peikoff on Terrorism This article was published in the New York Times on October 2, 2001.
Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy,"Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549-563.
The Terrorism Index - Terrorism "scorecard" from Foreign Policy Magazine and the Center for American Progress
The reality show: the Watch, the Fight
Most Wanted Terrorists- Rewards for Justice
Law, Terrorism and Homeland Security. A collection of articles.
"The Security Constitution," UCLA Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 29, 2005
The Enemy Within, PBS Frontline October 2006
"The Man Turned Away" by Charlotte Buchen and Marlena Telvick, PBS Frontline, October 2006.[63] To his family in Jordan, Raed Mansour al-Banna was a beloved son who wanted to make it in America. To his American friends, he was a sweet guy with a charming smile who loved to party. To the families of the 166 people he killed in Hilla, Iraq, he was a murderer.
[edit] Papers and articles on terrorism and Israel
Ariel Merari, "Terrorism as a Strategy in Insurgency," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 213-251.
Israel Global Terror desk
Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000
[edit] Global Muslim public opinion on terrorism and political violence from the World Values Survey
Arno Tausch (2008) “Muslim Values, Global Values: Empirical Data from the 'World Values Survey” Social Science Research Network, New York
[edit] Other
About the Qassam-sderot media center
Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Development and Terrorism from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars by John Richardson
Ontologies of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism
The Supreme Court of India adopted Alex P. Schmid's definition of terrorism in a 2003 ruling (Madan Singh vs. State of Bihar), "defin[ing] acts of terrorism veritably as 'peacetime equivalents of war crimes.'"[64]
Jack Goody What is a terrorist? Published in: journal History and Anthropology, Volume 13, Issue 2 2002 , pages 139 - 142 DOI: 10.1080/0275720022000001219
Schmid and Jongman (1988): "Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-)clandestine individual, group, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons, whereby — in contrast to assassination — the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperiled) victims, and main targets are use to manipulate the main target (audience(s), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought".[65]
Staff. U.S. Terrorism in the Americas an Encyclopedia "on violence promoted, supported and carried out by both the U.S. government and its servants in Latin America
[edit] Footnotes
^ "Terrorism". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary (1795).
^ Angus Martyn, The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September, Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002
^ Thalif Deen. POLITICS: U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism, Inter Press Service, 25 July 2005
^ a b Hoffman, Bruce "Inside Terrorism" Columbia University Press 1998 ISBN 0-231-11468-0. Page 32. See review in The New York TimesInside Terrorism
^ Dr. Jeffrey Record, Bounding the Global War on Terrorism(PDF)
^ "Terrorism" 3. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
^ Khan, Ali (1987). "A Theory of International Terrorism" (PDF). Social Science Research Network. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
^ "UN Reform". United Nations (2005-03-21). Archived from the original on 2007-04-27. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. "The second part of the report, entitled "Freedom from Fear backs the definition of terrorism - an issue so divisive agreement on it has long eluded the world community - as any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act.""
^ FM 100-20, Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict, 5 December 1990; and Joint Pub 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 12 April 2001, as amended through 9 June 2004.
^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press, 125-135.
^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press.
^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press, 127-128.
^ "Terrorism in the United States 1999" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
^ "AskOxford Search Results - terrorist". AskOxford. AskOxford. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
^ Cambridge International Dictionary of English
^ Dictionary.com
^ Online Etymology Dictionary
^ B'Tselem Head of ISA defines a terrorist as any Palestinian killed by Israel
^ a b Rodin, David (2006). Terrorism. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge
^ Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army Britannica Concise
^ Dr Chris Clark "Malayan Emergency, 16 June 1948". Archived from the original on 2007-06-08., 16 June 2003
^ Ronald Reagan, speech to National Conservative Political Action Conference 8 March, 1985. On the Spartacus Educational web site
^ President Meets with Afghan Interim Authority Chairman
^ President Discusses Progress in War on Terrorism to National Guard White House web site February 9, 2006
^ Sudha Ramachandran Death behind the wheel in Iraq Asian Times, November 12, 2004, "Insurgent groups that use suicide attacks therefore do not like their attacks to be described as suicide terrorism. They prefer to use terms like "martyrdom ..."
^ Alex Perry How Much to Tip the Terrorist? Time Magazine, September 26, 2005. "The Tamil Tigers would dispute that tag, of course. Like other guerrillas and suicide bombers, they prefer the term “freedom fighters.”
^ TERRORISM: CONCEPTS, CAUSES, AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION George Mason University Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, Printed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, January 2003
^ Humphreys, Adrian. "One official's 'refugee' is another's 'terrorist'", National Post, January 17, 2006.
^ Theodore P. Seto The Morality of Terrorism Includes a list in the Times published on July 23, 1946 which were described as Jewish terrorist actions, including those launched by Irgun which Begin was a leading member
^ BBC News: PROFILES: Menachem Begin BBC website "Under Begin's command, the underground terrorist group Irgun carried out numerous acts of violence."
^ Eqbal Ahmad "Straight talk on terrorism" Monthly Review, January, 2002.
"including Menachem Begin, appearing in "Wanted" posters saying, "Terrorists, reward this much." The highest reward I have seen offered was 100,000 British pounds for the head of Menachem Begin"
^ NEWS: World: Middle East: Sharon's legacy does not include peace[dead link]BBC website "Ariel Sharon will be compared to Menachem Begin, another warrior turned statesman, who gave up the Sinai and made peace with Egypt."
^ Lord Desai Hansard, House of Lords 3 September 1998 : Column 72, "However, Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela and Menachem Begin — to give just three examples — were all denounced as terrorists but all proved to be successful political leaders of their countries and good friends of the United Kingdom."
^ BBC NEWS:World: Americas: UN reforms receive mixed response BBC website "Of all groups active in recent times, the ANC perhaps represents best the traditional dichotomous view of armed struggle. Once regarded by western governments as a terrorist group, it now forms the legitimate, elected government of South Africa, with Nelson Mandela one of the world's genuinely iconic figures."
^ BBC NEWS: World: Africa: Profile: Nelson Mandela BBC website "Nelson Mandela remains one of the world's most revered statesman"
^ Quinn v. Robinson (pdf), 783 F2d. 776 (9th Cir. 1986)(PDF), web site of the Syracuse University College of Law
^ Page 17, NORTHERN IRELAND: TP , T , S 11 (PDF) Queen's University Belfast School of Law
^ "Guardian Unlimited style guide".
^ "BBC editorial guidelines on the use of language when reporting terrorism" (DOC).
^ a b "Definitions of Terrorism". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2007-01-29. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
^ Disorders and Terrorism, National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (Washington D.C.:1976)
^ Hudson, Rex A. Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why: The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists, Federal Research Division, The Lyons Press,2002
^ a b "McCain adviser says terrorist attack would boost campaign", The Guardian (2008-06-24). Retrieved on 2008-06-24.
^ "Freedom squelches terrorist violence: Harvard Gazette Archives".
^ "Freedom squelches terrorist violence: Harvard Gazette Archives" (PDF).
^ "Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism" (PDF) (2004).
^ "Unemployment, Inequality and Terrorism: Another Look at the Relationship between Economics and Terrorism" (PDF) (2005).
^ Pape, Robert A. "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism," American Political Science Review, 2003. 97 (3): pp. 1-19.
^ shabad, goldie and francisco jose llera ramo. "Political Violence in a Democratic State," Terrorism in Context. Ed. Martha Crenshaw. University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1995. pp467.
^ Sageman, Mark. 2004. "Social Networks and the Jihad". Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Ch. 5 pp. 166-167
^ Library of Congress – Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism
^ Endgame: Resistance, by Derrick Jensen, Seven Stories Press, 2006, ISBN 158322730X, pg IX
^ Pds Sso
^ The Legal Debate is Over: Terrorism is a War Crime | The New America Foundation
^ Press conference with Kofi Annan & FM Kamal Kharrazi
^ Kisangani, E. (2007). "The Political Economy Of State Terror" (PDF). Defence and Peace Economics 18 (5): 405–414. doi:10.1080/10242690701455433. Retrieved on 2008-04-02.
^ DEATH BY GOVERNMENT By R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994. Online links: [1][2][3]
^ No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust?[dead link], Barbara Harff, 2003.
^ The Media and Terrorism: A Reassessment Paul Wilkinson. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol.9, No.2 (Summer 1997), pp.51-64 Published by Frank Cass, London.
^ his blog William Gibson's blog, October 31, 2004, retrieved April 26, 2007.
^ frontline: al qaeda's new front | PBS
^ frontline: al qaeda's new front: al qaeda today | PBS
^ FRONTLINE: the enemy within: new reality: the man turned away | PBS
^ http://www.sacw.net/hrights/judgementjehanabad.doc
^ "Academic Consensus Definition of "Terrorism," Schmid 1988, United Nations website". Archived from the original on 2007-06-27.. For more detailed information, see: Schmid, Jongman et al. Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, and literature. Amsterdam: North Holland, Transaction Books, 1988. ISBN 1412804698
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism
The 9/11 Investigation By David Corn
This article appeared in the August 4, 2003 edition of The Nation.
July 24, 2003
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Take Action Write a Letter Subscribe Now Text SizeAAAThe attacks of September 11 might have been prevented had the US intelligence community been more competent. And the Bush Administration is refusing to tell the public what intelligence the President saw before 9/11 about the threat posed by Al Qaeda.
Watch for David Corn's forthcoming The Lies of George W. Bush: Mastering the Politics of Deception, due out from Crown Publishers this September.
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These are two findings contained in the long-awaited, 800-page final report of the 9/11 joint inquiry conducted the Senate and House intelligence committees, which was released on July 24. As is traditional in Washington, the contents of the report were selectively leaked before it was officially unveiled. And several news outfits noted that the report contained "no smoking guns" and concluded, as the Associated Press put it, that "no evidence surfaced in the probe...to show that the government could have prevented the attacks." Those reports were wrong--and probably based on information parceled out by sources looking to protect the government and the intelligence community.
In the report's first finding, the committees note that the intelligence community did not have information on the "time, place and specific nature" of the 9/11 attacks, but that it had "amassed a great deal of valuable intelligence regarding Osama bin Laden and his terrorist activities," and that this information could have been used to thwart the assault. "Within the huge volume of intelligence reporting that was available prior to September 11," the report says, "there were various threads and pieces of information that, at least in retrospect, are both relevant and significant. The degree to which the [intelligence] community was or was not able to build on that information to discern the bigger picture successfully is a critical part of the context for the September 11 attacks." One Congressional source familiar with the report observes, "We couldn't say, 'Yes, the intelligence community had all the specifics ahead of time.' But that is not the same as saying this attack could not have been prevented."
The final report is an indictment of the intelligence agencies--and, in part--of the administrations (Clinton and Bush II) that oversaw them. It notes, "The intelligence community failed to capitalize on both the individual and collective significance of available information.... As a result, the community missed opportunities to disrupt the September 11 plot by denying entry to or detaining would-be hijackers; to at least try to unravel the plot through surveillance and other investigative work within the United States; and, finally, to generate a heightened state of alert and thus harden the homeland against attack. No one will ever know what might have happened had more connections been drawn between these disparate pieces of information.... The important point is that the intelligence community, for a variety of reasons, did not bring together and fully appreciate a range of information that could have greatly enhanced its chances of uncovering and preventing Osama bin Laden's plan to attack the United States on September 11, 2001."
The committees' report covers many missed--and botched--opportunities. It shows that warnings and hints were either ignored or neglected. Some of this has been covered in interim reports released last year and in media accounts. But the final report does contain new information and new details that only confirm an ugly conclusion: A more effective and more vigilant bureaucracy would have had a good chance of detecting portions of the 9/11 plot. "The message is not to tell the intelligence community," said the source familiar with the report, "that you didn't have the final announcement of the details of the September 11 attacks and therefore you could not prevent it. We have to have an intelligence community that is able to connect dots and put the pieces together and investigate it aggressively."
An example: The FBI had an active informant in San Diego who had numerous contacts on 2000 with two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar. And he may also have had more limited contact with a third hijacker, Hani Hanjour. In 2000, the CIA had information that al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar--who had already been linked to terrorism--were or might be in the United States. Yet it had not placed them on a watch list for suspected terrorists or shared this information with the FBI. The FBI agent who handled the San Diego informant told the committees that had he had access to the intelligence information on al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi, "it would have made a huge difference." He would have "immediately opened" an investigation and subjected them to a variety of surveillance. It can never be known whether such an effort would have uncovered their 9/11 plans. "What is clear, however," the report says, "is that the informant's contacts with the hijackers, had they been capitalized on, would have given the San Diego FBI field office perhaps the intelligence community's best chance to unravel the September 11 plot. Given the CIA's failure to disseminate, in a timely manner, the intelligence information on...al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi, that chance, unfortunately, never materialized." (The FBI's informant--who is not named in the report--has denied any advance knowledge of 9/11, according to the report, but the committees raise questions about his credibility on this point, and the Bush Administration objected to the joint inquiry's efforts to interview the informant.)
The CIA was not the only agency to screw up. So did the FBI. In August 2001, the bureau did become aware that al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi were in the United States and tried to locate them. But the San Diego field office never learned of the search. The FBI agent who was handling the informant in San Diego told the committees, "I'm sure we could have located them and we could have done it within a few days." And the chiefs of the financial crime units at the FBI and the Treasury Department told the committees that if their outfits had been asked to search for these two terrorists they would have been able to find them through credit card and bank records. But no one made such a request.
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About David Corn
David Corn is Mother Jones' Washington bureau chief. Until 2007, he was The Nation's Washington editor and is co-author, with Michael Isikoff, of Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War.
Corn's work has appeared in the Washington Post, the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, Harper's Magazine and many other publications. His books include The Lies of George W. Bush: Mastering the Politics of Deception (a New York Times bestseller), Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusade and the novel Deep Background.
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"We to this day don't know why NORAD [the North American Aerospace Command] told us what they told us," ... "It was just so far from the truth. . . It's one of those loose ends that never got tied."
Thomas H. Kean, the former New Jersey Republican governor and co-chair of the 9/11 Commission. [full article]
How can we be satisfied with the 9/11 Commission Report when the leaders of the 9/11 Commission say that they were lied to?
Update January, 2008: Hamilton and Kean say that the CIA stonewalled the investigation of the 9/11 Commission: [read article]
Purpose of this Site
The purpose of this site is to introduce questions that have been raised about 9/11 and to connect those who believe that a new, thorough, and truly independent forensic investigation is needed. The supporters of this website, while agreeing on the need for such an investigation, come from a number of perspectives and do not endorse any particular view on what actually happened on and surrounding 9/11/2001.
It must be emphasized that some of the questions about 9/11 are more controversial than others. Some issues are compelling to some supporters of a new investigation but not to others. Supporters of a new investigation have no agenda other than securing a new investigation that will address all legitimate questions that our government has not yet addressed.
What Really Happened on September 11, 2001?
The Government's Official Version of Events
The government's Official Version of 9/11 events, which some refer to, legitimately, as "the official conspiracy theory", is that:
> All of the events of September 11, 2001 were brought about entirely and exclusively by a conspiracy of Arab terrorists.
> There was no negligence on the part of U.S. government officials, either prior to 9/11, on 9/11, or after 9/11, that required subsequent disciplinary or corrective action.
> And there was no complicity (including any deliberate failure to act) on the part of the Bush Administration or any individuals within the U.S. Government.
Supporters of the Official Version of events deny that important questions remain unanswered or that a new 9/11 investigation is needed.
The alternatives
There is a wide spectrum of views among doubters of the Official Version.
> At one end are those who believe that the U.S. Government failed to respond properly to intelligence indicating that the 9/11 attacks were coming, or that there were unexplained failures to follow established procedure on 9/11 (such as procedures to intercept wayward aircraft), or that there were failures to protect people on and after 9/11. They believe that the failures on 9/11 need to be explained, and that steps should be taken to prevent similar failures in the future.
> In the middle of the spectrum, some believe that the failure to respond to the pre-9/11 intelligence was deliberate, that certain individuals within the U.S. Government "let it happen on purpose" ("LIHOP"). And some believe that individuals within the U.S. government helped the Arab terrorists achieve their goals.
> Those at the other end of the spectrum believe that individuals within the U.S. Government, or connected to people within the U.S. Government, actually planned the attacks ("made it happen on purpose" or "MIHOP"), and that any Arab terrorists were only patsies.
Supporters of a new investigation include those whose concerns relate only to the failure of the government to fully explain the events of 9/11, including structural failures, and those who question aspects of the government's response to the events of 9/11, including false statements by the EPA regarding the air quality in New York following the attacks. This group believes that these questions must be answered in order to prevent the deaths and illnesses that should have been avoided on 9/11 even in the absence of any pre-9/11 negligence or complicity on the part of any government officials. It is not necessary to suspect that there were controlled demolitions or any complicity of government officials in 9/11 in order to conclude that there must be a new investigation. See our Voter's Guide to Ballot Question 2.
The belief commonly shared by critics of the Official Version of 9/11 Events
Across the spectrum of critics, essentially all agree that:
> The 9/11 Commission Report failed in explaining the events on and surrounding 9/11.
> A new, thorough, and fully-independent forensic investigation is warranted.
> Without such an investigation, the threat of another attack like 9/11 remains unabated, and mistakes made in response to 9/11 may be repeated.
Why Doubt the Official Version of 9/11 Events?
Many questions have been raised about the Official Version of 9/11 Events. For a review of many of the important questions, complete with links to source material, see this Introduction to the Evidence and our Voter's Guide to Burlington Ballot Question 2.
Also see the following discussions:
procedural and intelligence questions and
physical anomalies and questions.
Shortly after 9/11, Colin Powell said on "Meet the Press" that a paper outlining the evidence supporting the government's identification of the alleged perpetrators would soon be released. Such a paper was never released. When later asked about the paper, White House Press Secretary Scott McClellan denied that Colin Powell had promised one.
Consider who was running the 9/11 Commission.
Consider the "experts" and the changing official collapse theories: Kevin Ryan article.
The 9/11 Commission Report failed to address numerous points that are inconsistent with the official story, and seems to have distorted many others. [more]
A review of the 9/11 Commission Report.
Here is another list of reasons to doubt the official story.
Here are links to over 250 "smoking guns" reported by mainstream sources.
The Pentagon estimates that it is spending approximately $6.8 billion per month on the Iraq war [source]. Only $15 million was budgeted for the 9/11 Commission, and $16 million was allocated to the investigation by the National Institutes of Standards and Technology. In other words, the amount the U.S. government allocated to investigating 9/11 is less than what is spent on the Iraq war every four hours.
If you are new to this issue, you are encouraged to view the films and read the articles and books that are referenced in this website and to visit the websites and other materials linked throughout the site.
Even members of the 9/11 Commission felt that they were lied to by the Pentagon. [Read article]
Osama Bin Laden is not even wanted by the FBI in connection with 9/11. [more]
Listen to 2/22/07 Vermont Public Radio interview with Kyle Hence, producer of "9/11 Press for Truth"
"Jersey Widow, New England Filmmaker Urge Support for 9/11 Ballot Measure", Seven Days, 2/21/07
/11 Commission
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The commission's sealSee also: 9/11 Commission Report
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 "to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 attacks", including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks.
1 History
2 Members
3 Officials called to testify
4 Report
5 Criticism
6 Commission recommendations
7 Work of commissioners after the commission ceased its functions
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
11.1 Critical essays, books and films
[edit] History
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)
[edit] Members
The members of the commission were:
Lee H. Hamilton (Vice Chairman) - Democrat, former U.S. Representative from the 9th District of Indiana
Richard Ben-Veniste - Democrat, attorney, former chief of the Watergate Task Force of the Watergate Special Prosecutor's Office
Fred F. Fielding - Republican, attorney and former White House Counsel
Jamie Gorelick - Democrat, former Deputy Attorney General in the Clinton Administration
Slade Gorton - Republican, former U.S. Senator from Washington
Bob Kerrey - Democrat, President of the New School University and former U.S. Senator from Nebraska
John F. Lehman - Republican, former Secretary of the Navy
Timothy J. Roemer - Democrat, former U.S. Representative from the 3rd District of Indiana
James R. Thompson - Republican, former Governor of Illinois
The members of the commission's staff included:
Christopher Kojm, Deputy Executive Director
Daniel Marcus, General Counsel
Janice Kephart, Counsel
Al Felzenberg, Spokesman[2]
President Bush had initially appointed former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to head the commission, but he withdrew shortly afterward because he would have been obliged to disclose the clients of his private consulting business.[3]
[edit] Officials called to testify
Then government officials who were called to testify before the commission included:
Dick Cheney - Vice President; refused to testify under oath
Colin Powell - Secretary of State
Donald H. Rumsfeld - Secretary of Defense
Condoleezza Rice - National Security Advisor
Richard Armitage - Deputy Secretary of State
Paul Wolfowitz - Deputy Secretary of Defense
Past government officials who were called to testify before the commission included:
Al Gore - former Vice President; refused to testify under oath
Madeleine Albright - former Secretary of State
William Cohen - former Secretary of Defense
Sandy Berger - former National Security Advisor
Richard A. Clarke - former chief counter-terrorism adviser on the U.S. National Security Council in the George W. Bush and Bill Clinton administrations
President George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, former President Bill Clinton, and former Vice President Al Gore all gave private testimony without oaths. President Bush and Vice President Cheney insisted on testifying together, while Clinton and Gore met with the panel separately. As the National Security Advisor, Condoleezza Rice was not required to testify under oath because the position of NSA is an advisory role, independent of authority over a bureaucracy and does not require confirmation by the Senate.
[edit] Report
The cover of the final 9/11 report, which can be purchased in bookstores across the United States and around the worldMain article: 9/11 Commission Report
The commission issued its final report on July 22, 2004. After releasing the report, Commission Chair Thomas Kean declared that both Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush had been "not well served" by the FBI and CIA.[4] The commission interviewed over 1,200 people in 10 countries and reviewed over two and a half million pages of documents, including some closely-guarded classified national security documents. Before it was released by the commission, the final public report was screened for any potentially classified information and edited as necessary.
[edit] Criticism
Main article: Criticism of the 9/11 Commission
The commission was criticized for significant alleged conflicts of interest on the part of commissioners and staff.[5] Further, the commission's report has been the subject of much criticism by both the commissioners themselves and by others.[6][7]
[edit] Commission recommendations
Parenthetic numbers refer to page numbers in the Commission Report
[edit] Work of commissioners after the commission ceased its functions
Months after the commission had officially issued its report and ceased its functions, Chairman Kean and other commissioners toured the country to draw attention to the recommendations of the commission for reducing the terror risk, claiming that some of their recommendations were being ignored. Co-chairs Kean and Hamilton wrote a book about the constraints they faced as commissioners titled Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission.
[edit] See also
9/11 conspiracy theories
9/11 Commission Report
September 11, 2001 radio communications
War games in progress on September 11, 2001
^ a b c Lance, P. Coverup:what the government is still hiding about the war on terror. Regan Books, 2005
^ Jehl, Douglas (8 August 2005, corrected 9 August). "Four in 9/11 Plot Are Called Tied to Qaeda in '00", New York Times, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.. Retrieved on 2006-08-07.
^ Cable News Network (13 December 2002). "Kissinger resigns as head of 9/11 commission", CNN Inside Politics, Time Warner. Retrieved on 2006-08-07.
^ Shovelan, John (23 July 2004). "9/11 Commission finds 'deep institutional failings'", Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-02-02.
^ Associated Press, Feb. 3, 2008, "Ties between White House, Sept 11 Chief", http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/S/SEPT_11_COMMISSION?SITE=CAVEN&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT , archived at: http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2008/02/04/6826/
^ CBC News, August 21, 2006, http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/911hamilton.html
^ Eggen, Dan. "9/11 Panel Suspected Deception by Pentagon", Washington Post, 2 August 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-02.
^ Eggen, Dan. "9/11 Panel Suspected Deception by Pentagon", Washington Post, 2 August 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-02.
^ "Panel Study Finds That C.I.A. Withheld Tapes Mark Mazzetti", New York Times, December 21, 2007
^ CBC News, August 21, 2006, http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/911hamilton.html
^ "Book: Sept. 11 Panel Doubted Officials", Associated Press (4 August 2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-02.
Hawala: An Informal Payment System and Its Use to Finance Terrorism, by Sebastian R. Müller (Broschiert - Dec. 2006), ISBN: ISBN-10: 3865506569, ISBN-13: 978-3865506566
Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission, by Thomas H Kean and Lee H. Hamilton (Random House, August 2006) ISBN 0-307-26377-0
The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Investigation, by Philip Shenon (the Twelve - Jan. 2008), ISBN 0466580755
Analysis of The Commission by the Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy
9/11 Commission Official Web Site
The Complete 9/11 Commission Report (7 MB PDF)
Free audio version of the 9/11 Commission report, from LibriVox.
9/11 Commission staff biographies
The full text of the 9/11 Commission Report in a searchable on-line format or downloadable eBook
Search the 9/11 Commission Report indexed by individual paragraphs
9/11 Public Discourse Project (Set up by Commission members following completion of report)
Video excerpts from the final staff report hearing
Map showing connections between Kean, Gorelick and Lehman to major corporations
Governor Tom Kean, a biography of 9/11 Commission Chairman Thomas Kean by Alvin S. Felzenberg, Rutgers University Press.
9/11 Commission Recommendations
Congressional Research Service, 9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status, Dec. 2006
Opening of The Path to 9/11 (based on the 9/11 Commission Report), ABC, September 10, 2006, including disclaimer.
Stonewalled by the C.I.A. Op-Ed piece written by Thomas Kean and Lee Hamilton in the January 2, 2008 edition of the New York Times (accessed January 2, 2008)
The Five Unanswered Questions About 9/11, a book by John Ridgeway, Seven Stories Press.
"9/11 Commission Report: An exercise in escapism", an article by G. Parthasarathy, The Hindu Business Line, July 30, 2004.
The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions, a book by David Ray Griffen.
"Whitewash as Public Service: How The 9/11 Commission Report defrauds the nation", by Benjamin DeMott, Harper's Magazine, October 2004.
"The Final Fraud", an article by Michael Kane, Fromthewilderness.com, 2004.
9/11: Press for Truth
"9/11 and the British Broadcasting Conspiracy"
"The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Investigation", a book by Philip Shenon.
[hide]v • d • eSeptember 11 attacks
Timeline Planning · September 11, 2001 · Rest of September · October · Beyond October
Victims Casualties
Hijacked airliners Flight 11 · Flight 175 · Flight 77 · Flight 93
Sites of destruction World Trade Center · The Pentagon · Shanksville, Pennsylvania
Effects and aftermath Immediate aftermath · Airport security · Audiovisual entertainment · Closings and cancellations · Conspiracy theories · Detentions · Economic effects · Impact on popular culture · Reactions · Rumors · Local health effects · Post-9/11
Response U.S. military response · U.S. government response · Rescue and recovery effort · Financial assistance · Operation Yellow Ribbon · Memorials and services
Perpetrators Responsibility · Organizers
Miscellaneous Communication · WTC collapse · Slogans and terms · Patriot Day · Stairwell A
Inquiries U.S. Congressional Inquiry · 9/11 Commission Report · PENTTBOM Inquiry
Categories: 9/11 Commission | 2002 establishments | Clinton administration controversies | George W. Bush administration controversies | United States national commissions
Hidden category: Articles needing additional references from December 2007
1 comment:
Terrorists murder and kidnap people, set off bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious attacks and crimes. Most terrorist groups have a small number of members. Unlike ordinary criminals, their goals are not to acquire money or some other form of personal gain. Terrorists attack people who oppose their cause or objects that symbolize such opposition.
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