Dark Ages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dark Age or Dark Ages is a term in historiography referring to a period of cultural decline or societal collapse that took place in Western Europe between the fall of Rome and the eventual recovery of learning.[1][2][3] The dating of the "Dark Ages" has always been fluid, but the concept was originally intended to denote the entire period between the fall of Rome in the 5th century and the "Renaissance" or "rebirth" of classical values.[4] Increased understanding of the accomplishments of the Middle Ages in the 19th century challenged the characterization of the entire period as one of darkness,[4] and thus the term is often restricted to periods within the Middle Ages, namely the Early Middle Ages; though this usage is also disputed by most modern scholars, who tend to avoid using the phrase.[1][5]
The concept of a Dark Age was created by the Italian scholar Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s and was originally intended as a sweeping criticism of the character of Late Latin literature.[6] Later historians expanded the term to refer to the transitional period between Classical Roman Antiquity and the High Middle Ages, including not only the lack of Latin literature, but also a lack of contemporary written history, general demographic decline, limited building activity and material cultural achievements in general. Popular culture has further expanded on the term as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope.[7]
[edit] Dark Ages of Latin Europe
The term "Dark Ages" was originally intended to denote the entire period between the fall of Rome and the "Renaissance"; the term "Middle Ages" has a similar motivation, implying an "intermediate" period between Classical Antiquity and the modern era. In the 19th century scholars began to recognize the accomplishments made during the period, thereby challenging the image of the Middle Ages as a time of darkness and decay.[4] The term "Dark Ages" is now rarely used in scholarship,[5] and when used, it is often restricted to the Early Middle Ages.[1]
The rise of archaeology and other specialties in the 20th century has shed much light on the period and offered a more nuanced understanding of its positive developments.[7] Other terms of periodization have come to the fore: Late Antiquity, the Early Middle Ages, and the Great Migrations, depending on which aspects of culture are being emphasized. When modern scholarly study of the Middle Ages arose in the 19th century, the term "Dark Ages" was at first kept, with all its critical overtones. On the rare occasions when the term "Dark Ages" is used by historians today, it is intended to be neutral, namely, to express the idea that the events of the period often seem "dark" to us only because of the paucity of artistic and cultural output,[8] including historical records, when compared with both earlier and later times.[5]
[edit] Petrarch
The concept of a Dark Age was introduced by Petrarch in the 1330s.[4][6] Writing of those who had come before him, he said, "Amidst the errors there shone forth men of genius, no less keen were their eyes, although they were surrounded by darkness and dense gloom."[6] Christian writers had traditional metaphors of "light versus darkness" to describe "good versus evil." Petrarch was the first to co-opt the metaphor and give it secular meaning by reversing its application. Classical Antiquity, so long considered the "dark" age for its lack of Christianity, was now seen by Petrarch as the age of "light" because of its cultural achievements, while Petrarch's time, lacking such cultural achievements, was seen as the age of darkness.[6]
As an Italian, Petrarch saw the Roman Empire and the classical period as expressions of Italian greatness.[6] He spent much of his time traveling through Europe rediscovering and republishing classic Latin and Greek texts. He wanted to restore the classical Latin language to its former purity. Humanists saw the preceding 900-year period as a time of stagnation. They saw history unfolding, not along the religious outline of St. Augustine's Six Ages of the World, but in cultural (or secular) terms through the progressive developments of classical ideals, literature, and art.
Petrarch wrote that history had had two periods: the classic period of the Greeks and Romans, followed by a time of darkness, in which he saw himself as still living. Humanists believed one day the Roman Empire would rise again and restore classic cultural purity, and so by the late 14th and early 15th century, humanists such as Leonardo Bruni believed they had attained this new age, and that a third, Modern Age had begun. The age before their own, which Petrarch had labeled dark, thus became a "middle" age between the classic and the modern. The first use of the term "Middle Age" appeared with Flavio Biondo around 1439.
[edit] Reformation
During the Protestant Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries, Protestants wrote of the Middle Ages as a period of Catholic corruption. Just as Petrarch's writing was not an attack on Christianity per se – in addition to his humanism, he was deeply occupied with the search for God – neither was this an attack on Christianity: it was a drive to restore what Protestants saw as biblical Christianity. In response to the Protestants, Roman Catholics developed a counter image, depicting the age as a period of social and religious harmony, and not "dark" at all.[9]
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a line from Gilbert Burnet's 1687 collection Travels mentioning "the darker ages" is the earliest recorded use of the term in English.[1]
[edit] Enlightenment
During the 17th and 18th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment, religion was seen as antithetical to reason. Because the Middle Ages were seen as the "Age of Faith," it was seen as a period contrary to reason, and thus contrary to the Age of Reason.[10] Immanuel Kant and Voltaire were two Enlightenment writers who were vocal in attacking the religiously dominated Middle Ages as a period of social decline. Yet just as Petrarch, seeing himself on the threshold of a "new age," was criticizing the centuries up until his own time, so too were the Enlightenment writers criticizing the centuries up until their own. These extended well after Petrarch's time, since religious domination and conflict were still common into the 17th century and beyond, albeit diminished in scope.
Consequently, an evolution had occurred in at least three ways. Petrarch's original metaphor of light versus dark had been expanded in time, implicitly, at least. Even if the early humanists after him no longer saw themselves living in a dark age, their times were still not light enough for 18th-century writers who saw themselves as living in the real Age of Enlightenment, while the period covered by their own condemnation had been extended and was focused also on what we now call Early Modern times. Additionally, Petrarch's metaphor of darkness, which he used mainly to deplore what he saw as a lack of secular achievements, was sharpened to take on a more explicitly anti-religious meaning in light of the draconian tactics of the Catholic and Orthodox clergy.
In spite of this, the term "Middle Ages", used by Biondo and other early humanists after Petrarch, was the name in general use before the 18th century to denote the period up until the Renaissance. The earliest recorded use of the English word "medieval" was in 1827. The concept of a dark ages was also in use, but by the 18th century, it tended to be confined to the earlier part of this medieval period. The earliest entry for a capitalised "Dark Ages" in the Oxford English Dictionary is a reference in Henry T. Buckle's History of civilisation in England in 1857.[1] Starting and ending dates varied: the Dark Ages were considered by some to start in 410, by others in 476 when there was no longer an emperor in Rome, and to end about 800, at the time of the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne, or to extend through the rest of the 1st millennium up until about the year 1000.
[edit] Romanticism
In the early 19th century, the Romantics reversed the negative assessment of Enlightenment critics. The word "Gothic" had been a term of opprobrium akin to "Vandal" until a few self-confident mid-18th-century English "goths" like Horace Walpole initiated the Gothic Revival in the arts—which for the following Romantic generation began to take on an idyllic image of the Age of Faith. This image, in reaction to a world dominated by Enlightenment rationalism in which reason trumped emotion, expressed a romantic view of a Golden Age of chivalry. The Middle Ages were seen with romantic nostalgia as a period of social and environmental harmony and spiritual inspiration, in contrast to the excesses of the French Revolution and, most of all, to the environmental and social upheavals and sterile utilitarianism of the emerging industrial revolution. The Romantics' view of these earlier centuries can still be seen in modern-day fairs and festivals celebrating the period with costumes and events.
Just as Petrarch had turned the meaning of light versus darkness, so had the Romantics turned the judgment of Enlightenment critics. However, the period idealized by the Romantics focused largely on what is now known as the High Middle Ages, extending into Early Modern times. In one respect, this was a reversal of the religious aspect of Petrarch's judgment, since these later centuries were those when the universal power and prestige of the Church was at its height. To many users of the term, the scope of the Dark Ages was becoming divorced from this period, denoting mainly the earlier centuries after the fall of Rome.
[edit] Modern academic use
When modern scholarly study of the Middle Ages arose in the 19th century, the term "Dark Ages" was at first kept, with all its critical overtones. Although it was never the more formal term (universities named their departments "medieval history" not "Dark Age history"), it was widely used, including in such classics as Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which expressed the author's contempt for the "rubbish of the Dark Ages."[11] However, the early 20th century saw a radical re-evaluation of the Middle Ages, and with it a calling into question of the terminology of darkness.[5] Historiographer Denys Hay exemplified this when he spoke ironically of "the lively centuries which we call dark."[12] It became clear that serious scholars would either have to redefine the term or abandon it.
When the term "Dark Ages" is used by historians today, it is intended to be neutral, namely, to express the idea that the events of the period often seem "dark" to us because of the paucity of historical records compared with both earlier and later times.[5] The term is used in this sense in reference to the Bronze Age collapse and the subsequent Greek Dark Ages, the Dark ages of Cambodia (ca. 1450-1863), and also of a hypothetical Digital Dark Age which would ensue if the electronic documents produced in the current period were to become unreadable at some point in the future.
Since Late Middle Ages significantly overlap with the Renaissance, the term "Dark Ages" has become restricted to distinct times and places in medieval Europe. Late 5th- and 6th-century Britain, for instance, at the height of the Saxon invasions, might well be numbered among "the darkest of the Dark Ages," with the equivalent of a near-total news blackout in terms of historical records, compared with either the Roman era before or the centuries that followed. Further south and east, the same was true in the formerly Roman province of Dacia, where history after the Roman withdrawal went unrecorded for centuries, as Slavs, Avars, Bulgars, and others struggled for supremacy in the Danube basin, and events there are still disputed. However, at this time the Byzantine Empire and especially the Arab Empire experienced Golden Ages rather than Dark Ages; consequently, this usage of the term must also differentiate geographically. While Petrarch's concept of a Dark Age corresponded to a mostly Christian period following pre-Christian Rome, the neutral use of the term today applies mainly to those cultures least Christianized and thus most sparsely covered by the Catholic Church's historians.[citation needed]
However, from the mid-20th century onwards, other scholars began to critique even this nonjudgmental use of the term.[5] There are two main criticisms. First, it is questionable whether it is possible to use the term "Dark Ages" effectively in a neutral way; scholars may intend this, but it does not mean that ordinary readers will so understand it. Second, the explosion of new knowledge and insight into the history and culture of the Early Middle Ages, which 20th-century scholarship has achieved, means that these centuries are no longer dark even in the sense of "unknown to us." Consequently, many academic writers prefer not to use the expression at all,[13] and a recently published history of German literature describes the term as "a popular if ignorant manner of speaking."[14].
[edit] Modern popular use
Films and novels often use the term "Dark Age" with its implied meaning of a time of backwardness. The movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail humorously portrays knights and chivalry, following the tradition begun with Don Quixote. A 2007 television show on The History Channel called the Dark Ages "600 years of degenerate, godless, inhuman behavior."[15]
The public idea of the Middle Ages as a supposed "Dark Age" is also reflected in misconceptions regarding the study of nature during this period. The contemporary historians of science David C. Lindberg and Ronald Numbers discuss the widespread popular belief that the Middle Ages was a "time of ignorance and superstition," the blame for which is to be laid on the Christian Church for allegedly "placing the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity," and emphasize that this view is essentially a caricature.[16] For instance, a claim that was first propagated in the 19th century[17] and is still very common in popular culture is the supposition that all people from the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. According to Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, this claim was mistaken, as "there was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference."[17][18] Ronald Numbers states that misconceptions such as "the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages," "the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science," and "the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy," are examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, though they are not supported by current historical research.[19]
[edit] Quotations
- "What else, then, is all history, but the praise of Rome?"—Petrarch
- "Each famous author of antiquity whom I recover places a new offence and another cause of dishonour to the charge of earlier generations, who, not satisfied with their own disgraceful barrenness, permitted the fruit of other minds, and the writings that their ancestors had produced by toil and application, to perish through insufferable neglect. Although they had nothing of their own to hand down to those who were to come after, they robbed posterity of its ancestral heritage."—Petrarch
- "My fate is to live among varied and confusing storms. But for you perhaps, if as I hope and wish you will live long after me, there will follow a better age. When the darkness has been dispersed, our descendants can come again in the former pure radiance."—Petrarch
- "Between the far away past history of the world, and that which lies near to us; in the time when the wisdom of the ancient times was dead and had passed away, and our own days of light had not yet come, there lay a great black gulf in human history, a gulf of ignorance, of superstition, of cruelty, and of wickedness. That time we call the dark or Middle Ages. Few records remain to us of that dreadful period in our world's history, and we only know of it through broken and disjointed fragments that have been handed down to us through the generations."— Howard Pyle, Otto of the Silver Hand (1888)
- "The Middle Ages is an unfortunate term. It was not invented until the age was long past. The dwellers in the Middle Ages would not have recognized it. They did not know that they were living in the middle; they thought, quite rightly, that they were time's latest achievement."—Morris Bishop, The Middle Ages (1968)
- "If it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb."[20] — Lynn White
[edit] See also
- Fall of Rome
- Plague of Justinian
- Migration Period
- Middle Ages in history
- Middle Ages
- Islamic Golden Age
- Muslim conquests
- Vikings
- Carolingian Renaissance
- Medieval demography
- Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
- Great Apostasy
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e "Dark ages". The Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 5, 2008. "Dark Ages: a term sometimes applied to the period of the Middle Ages to mark the intellectual darkness characteristic of the time; often restricted to the early period of the Middle Ages, between the time of the fall of Rome and the appearance of vernacular written documents."
- ^ "Dark Ages". Merriam Webster's Dictionary & Thesaurus. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- ^ "Dark Ages." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Franklin, James (1982), "The Renaissance Myth", Quadrant 26 (11): 51–60, http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/renaissance.html
- ^ a b c d e f William Chester Jordon. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Supplement 1, 2004. Kathleen Verdun, "Medievalism" pp. 389–397. Sections 'Victorian Medievalism', 'Nineteenth-Century Europe', 'Medievalism in America 1500–1900', 'The 20th Century'. Same volume, Paul Freedman, "Medieval Studies", pp. 383–389.
- ^ a b c d e Mommsen, Theodore E. (1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Speculum (Cambridge MA: Medieval Academy of America) 17 (2): 226–242.
- ^ a b Tainter, Joseph A.; Barker, Graeme (ed.) (1999). "Post Collapse Societies". Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Abingdon, England: Routledge. pp. 988. ISBN 0415064481.
- ^ Clarke, Kenneth (1969), Civilisation (BBC Books)
- ^ Philip Daileader. The High Middle Ages. The Teaching Company. ISBN 1565858271. "Catholics living during the Protestant Reformation were not going to take this assault lying down. They, too, turned to the study of the Middle Ages, going back to prove that, far from being a period of religious corruption, the Middle Ages were superior to the era of the Protestant Reformation, because the Middle Ages were free of the religious schisms and religious wars that were plaguing the 16th and 17th centuries."
- ^ Robert Bartlett. "Introduction: Perspectives on the Medieval World", in Medieval Panorama. 2001. ISBN 0892366427. "Disdain about the medieval past was especially forthright amongst the critical and rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment. For them the Middle Ages epitomized the barbaric, priest-ridden world they were attempting to transform."
- ^ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 6, CHAPTER XXXVII, paragraph 619
- ^ Denys Hay, Annalists and Historians, p. 50.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica "It is now rarely used by historians because of the value judgment it implies. Though sometimes taken to derive its meaning from the fact that little was then known about the period, the term's more usual and pejorative sense is of a period of intellectual darkness and barbarity."
- ^ Graeme Dunphy, "Literary Transitions, 1300–1500: From Late Mediaeval to Early Modern" in: The Camden House History of German Literature vol IV: "Early Modern German Literature". The chapter opens with the words: "A popular if ignorant manner of speaking refers to the mediaeval period as "the dark ages." If there is a dark age in the literary history of Germany, however, it is that which follows, the 14th and early 15th centuries, the black hole between the Middle High German Blütezeit and the full blossoming of the Renaissance: a dark age, not because literary production waned in these decades but because a combination of 19th-century aesthetics and the curricular needs of the 20th-century university have so often allowed their achievements to fade into relative obscurity."
- ^ The Dark Ages from the History Channel.
- ^ David C. Lindberg, "The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor", in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, ed. When Science & Christianity Meet, (Chicago: University of Chicago Pr., 2003), p.8
- ^ a b Jeffrey Russell. Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians. Praeger Paperback; New Ed edition (January 30, 1997). ISBN-10: 027595904X; ISBN-13: 978-0275959043.
- ^ Quotation from David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers in Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science. Studies in the History of Science and Christianity.
- ^ Ronald Numbers (Lecturer). Myths and Truths in Science and Religion: A historical perspective [Video Lecture]. University of Cambridge (Howard Building, Downing College): The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion.
- ^ Quoted in The Tenth Century: How Dark the Dark Ages?, edited by Robert Sabatine Lopez. Holt, Reinhart and Winston (1959).
[edit] Bibliography
- Wells, Peter S. (2008-07-14). Barbarians to Angels: The Dark Ages Reconsidered. W. W. Norton. pp. 256. ISBN 0393060756.
- López, Robert Sabatino (1959). The Tenth Century: How Dark the Dark Ages?. Rinehart.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India - 146k - Cached - Similar pages -BANGLAPEDIA: Buddhism
Tantric Buddhism is a later development in Bengal and therefore it remains ... The existence of Buddhism in Bengal in the Sunga period can also be inferred ...
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Historical and archeological evidence are lot of the ancient Buddhism in Bengal. But among the historians opinion differs about the root and development of ...
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A line of Buddhist kings ruled in East Bengal towards the close of seventh century A.D. Buddhism flourished in Bengal in the seventh century. ...
www.bongoz.com/history/ - 59k - Cached - Similar pages -Folk Traditions of Bengal
The Baul songs are a very specialised branch of Bengali folk songs. ... well have its roots in the tantrik Buddhism of Bengal in the 9th and 10th centuries. ...
bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul - 20k - Cached - Similar pages -Religion of Tibet, Buddhism, Atisha, Bengal, Tibetan religious ...
Three centuries later, came Atisha (from Bengal), who encouraged the study of Buddhism in Tibet. By the 15th century, the Tibetan religious reformer ...
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From the JacketWith the revival of Brahmanical Hinduism sometime around the fifth century AD, Buddhism had been dying out in India.
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Position of Buddhism in Bengal and Orissa prior to the eighth century AD. 3. Buddhism in Bengal and Orissa during Palas and Bhaumkaras period. 4. ...
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Related Tags buddhism in bengal education for economic development in india with special refference to assam impact of buddhism on social life in india ...
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Though Buddha is from India, why less Buddhists in India and how ...
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Did Shaivite King Persecute Buddhists? - Audarya Fellowship
www.indiadivine.org/audarya/vedic-culture/184703-did-shaivite-king-
Hindu culture during and after Muslim rule: survival and ... - Google Books Result
The second instance is oi'Shashanka, a king of Bengal, who conquered Bihar in the seventh ... that Shashank persecuted the Buddhists and cut down the ...
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Khat dominates male life in the tiny Muslim nation of Djibouti ...
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Tribal Beliefs, Practices and Insurrections - Google Books Result
by R. Singh - 2000 - History - 312 pages
1 R. Singh R. Singh 2000 Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ca-print-pub-9013168967769080 ISBN8126105046 8126105046 ISBN9788126105045 9788126105045 OCLC56143454 ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8126105046...nandigramunited: Slumdog Millionaire:CORPORATE PRIME MINISTER FACE ...
... Waest Bengal as it it fails as par as MODI`s Gujarat inviting so much so ALL TIME FUCKING capital! despite Nandigram, Singur and Lalgarh Insurrections! ...
nandigramunited.blogspot.com/2009/01/slumdog-millionairecorporate-prime.html - 408k - Cached - Similar pages -Who Won in West Bengal?
penalty. But is personal safety endan- gered only by insurrections? We in. West Bengal have passed through and are still passing through some very dif- ...
www.jstor.org/stable/4361350 - Similar pages -
by A Rudra - 1972Insurrection... or ostracism: A study of the Santal rebellion of ...
Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. Roy, N.B. 1961. More light on the Santal insurrection. Indian historical records commission 36, 2: 61-81; ——— 1960. ...
cis.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/16/1/79 - Similar pages -THE EMPEROR AKBAR( Volume Set ) Hardcover - By FREDERICK AUGUSTUS ...
Buy THE EMPEROR AKBAR( Volume Set ) Online at Lowest Price - THE EMPEROR AKBAR( Volume Set ) Books with free shipping in India, THE EMPEROR AKBAR( Volume ...
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14 Jan 2009 ... The Christmas Day plot was a conspiracy made by the Indian revolutionary movement to initiate an insurrection in Bengal in British India ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot - 126k - Cached - Similar pages -BANGLAPEDIA: Christian Missionaries
Believing that 'utter want of education', and 'gross absurdity of Santal's religious belief' caused the insurrection, the Bengal Government requested the ...
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West Bengal may face food crisis in future, warns Minister ... Withe submerged villages and siege by intermittent insurrections Kolkata is indulged in ...
www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1493/ - Similar pages -Dalit Voice - The Voice of the Persecuted Nationalities Denied ...
... game at this juncture while they face the fierce Dalit-Muslim insurrection. ... Manmohan talked to Buddhadeb and the entire West Bengal CPM unit is now ...
www.dalitvoice.org/Templates/sep_a2007/articles.htm - 38k - Cached - Similar pages -Religion and Revolt: Bengal under the Raj
The insurrections were precipitated in part by British insensitivity in religious .... More significant foreign influences on the Bengal revolution were the ...
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by P Heehs - 1993
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Caste, Culture, and Hegemony: Social Domination in Colonial Bengal - Google Books Result
by Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa - 2004 - Social Science - 252 pages
It was under his son ... the Matua sect prescribed for its devotees a simple religion of personal devotion that did not require the ... On the other hand, ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0761998497...Backward-caste Hindu Saints - HinduWiki, Hindu 108 Upanishads ...
21 Dec 2008 ... It is said that he poured water from his mouth on the Shivlingam and ... The Brahma Dharma movement sought to unite peoples of all ... Sant Guru Chand Thakur, Bengali, son of Sri Harichand Thakur, ... Sant Harichand Thakur (1811-1839), Namsudra, Bengali, founded Vaishnava Matua sect to worship Hari ...
www.hinduwiki.com/index.php?title=Backward-caste_Hindu_Saints - 78k - Cached - Similar pages -More on Dalit Panchayats and Matua Dharma of Bengal | Palash ...
His son Guruchand Thakur led the dalit awakening movement in Bengal. ... in Dalit Movement and Harichand Thakur established Matua Dharma refusing ... and 12. utter the name of your Lord while working with your hand. ... Apart from praising Hari and meditating upon him, the Matuya believe in kindness to the living. ...
indiainteracts.com/members/2007/11/03/More-on-Dalit-Panchayats-and-Matua-Dharma-of-Bengal/ - 72k - Cached - Similar pages -Dev Bhoomi : Uttarakhand
Hari Chand-Guru Chand Thakur Dharam Mandir. This temple is run by the people of Matua Sect. Many spiritually inclined people have rendered their services ...
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Name, Hari Chand Guru Chand Thakur Dharam Mandir. Address, Main Market, Dineshpur, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand ... Deity Worshipped (if any), Matua Dharm ...
210.212.78.56/dineshpur/temple.asp - Similar pages -Yahoo! 360° - Entries tagged "myanmar"
In the evening, Dharma Rain Centre, Indian Committee for Cultural Freedomand Friends of Tibet will jointly organise a Panel Discussion on "HumanRights: ...
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Mr. Heera and his Adi Dharam Brotherhood UK invited Baba Mangu Ram Muggowalia to ... Ambedkartimes pays floral tributes to beloved Ajit Chand Nimta Ji ... Then Ms Kalyani Thakur, Cashier/ Kosadhaksha of the Sanstha submitted the ...... on the subject of ‘ The creators and their creation of the Matua Sangits’ which ...
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“The 75-year-old person migrated to his country of origin from Bangladesh to .... More over the Namoshudra ICON HARICHAND THAKUR established MATUA DHARMA rejecting .... On the other hand, in a move that could further delay auctions, ...... In the Hooghly incident, the Hari woman's family was forced to pay the money ...
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Scholarly articles for dalit movement in bengal | |
 | Dalits and the democratic revolution: Dr. Ambedkar and ... - Omvedt - Cited by 68 Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit liberation movement - Joshi - Cited by 40 Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the ... - Omvedt - Cited by 22 |
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Dalit movement in India and its leaders, 1857-1956 - Google Books Result
by Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara - 1994 - Political Science - 459 pages
... movement in Bengal which was based on the thoughts of Dr Babasaheb ... It has witnessed many upheavals and movements. Dalit liberation movement in Delhi ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8185880433...The Power of Women's Organizing: Gender, Caste, and Class in India - Google Books Result
by Mangala Subramaniam - 2006 - Social Science - 161 pages
In the sections that follow, I trace the emergence of the dalit movement, particularly the ... The movement found support from the communists in Bengal, ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0739113283...India Together: Dalits rights and issues: An overview - February 2002
The widespread adaptation of the word dalit symbolizes the change in the ideology of the dalit movement -– frm a passive acceptance of amelioration handed ...
www.indiatogether.org/dalit/articles/intro.htm - 32k - Cached - Similar pages -WHY DALIT MOVEMENT FAILED IN INDIA?
1 Aug 2000 ... They are the real culprits of our society and the 'Dalit Movement' as well. The Brahminical forces (Hindi Micro-Minority) can do no harm to ...
www.ambedkar.org/bss/failed.htm - Similar pages -Out-Caste: The Dalit Movement: From where, where to
7 Mar 2008 ... The Dalit movement is regarded by many scholars as the most ... well as Dalit movements in Maharashtra, Punjab, western UP, Bengal, Kerala, ...
out-caste.blogspot.com/2008/03/dalit-movement-from-where-where-to.html - 87k - Cached - Similar pages -Dalit movement At The Cross Road By V.B.Rawat
9 Aug 2005 ... Whether there was a Dalit movement or there were separate caste movement .... in West Bengal, Malas in Andhra and a few others in Tamilnadu. ...
www.countercurrents.org/dalit-rawat090805.htm - 42k - Cached - Similar pages -More on Dalit Panchayats and Matua Dharma of Bengal | Palash ...
Mind you, Bengal along with Maharashtra has been the very base of Dalit Movement in India. People all over the world knows about Jogendra nath Mandal. ...
indiainteracts.com/members/2007/11/03/More-on-Dalit-Panchayats-and-Matua-Dharma-of-Bengal/ - 72k - Cached - Similar pages -Dalit Panchayat Movement: Some good news from
A social political initiative is needed as it happened during Colonial rule while Bengal became the centre stage of National Dalit Movement along with ...
palashkatha.mywebdunia.com/2008/02/19/1203359400000.html - 81k - Cached - Similar pages -Caste Discrimination Translated into Ethnic Cleans | Palash Speaks
27 Mar 2008 ... Muslims in East Bengal were dead against partition. They wanted undivided Bengal.And bengal was the centrestage of national dalit Movement ...
blogs.ibibo.com/Baesekolkata/Caste-Discrimination-Translated-into-Ethnic-C - 79k - Cached - Similar pages -'Absence of a strong Dalit movement makes a big difference in ...
Another state where there is no Dalit movement is West Bengal. Another state where Dalits and Muslims have been at the receiving ends both in education and ...
insightyoungvoices.org/InsightIssues/Issueix/tete_a_tete/an-interview - 30k - Cached - Similar pages -
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