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ROY SHISHIR DISINVESTMENT AND IT’S IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY

                                                            ROY SHISHIR

                                   STUDENT OF JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY  

                                          DEPARMENT OF ECONOMICS

DISINVESTMENT AND IT'S IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY

http://www.ijrst.com/currentissue.php


Abstract

Disinvestment is a strange word. The common people can not easily run after  the inner meaning of this interesting word. The question is that why such type of word is used in political economy? The answer is that there is some political trick to avoid some unprecedented political disturbance in the country. In this research paper, We should try to understand the definition and meaning of disinvestment and its related items. The disinvestment program has launched in India in 1991,the Watershed year ,depending on some economic misbalance and political pressure of developed countries ,IMF,WB,UNCTAD etc.Successively all the central government of India has sold or disinvested more shares of sick public sector as well as the profit making public sector to private enterprises after 1991 to till now. The GOI has advocated on the behalf of the disinvestment because she has dreamed that it will pursue the economic growth as well as economic development. Now we should check up the different indicator of economic development whether it changes up positively or negatively. So we should discuss in this research paper the development of social indicator such as latrine facility, Illiteracy rate ,life expectancy rate at birth, internet users, assets having in the households, child death rate, child and women labour security ,formal unemployment etc.It will be deeply identified in this paper the basic changes in GDP growth, export earnings, import bill , fiscal deficit ,govt. revenue earning ,govt. expenditure, India's business ranking in the world etc.Development is a functioning and GDP growth is a element of development function.


PUBLIC SECTOR – AN OVERVIEW

Historically, public sector undertaking (PSUs) have played an important role in the development of the Indian industry. At the time of independence, it was felt that political independence without economic self-reliance would be detrimental to the country's sovereignty and autonomy in policy making .Hence, the basic objectives of starting public sector were:

*To build infrastructure for economic development and promote rapid economic growth and industrialization of the country;

*To create employment opportunities and promote balanced regional development;

*To create a self-reliant economy through the development of the industries for import substitution and by encouraging and promoting exports;

*To generate investible resources for the development by earning suitable returns ; and finally

*To prevent/reduce concentration of private economic power.


In the sixties and seventies the public sector policy has been largely guided by the industrial policy resolution of 1956 which gave the public sector a strategic role in the economy .Massive investments have been made over the past four decades to build a public sector which had a commanding role in the economy. Many key sectors of the economy are today dominated by the mature public enterprises that have successfully expanded production opened up new areas of technology and built up a reserve of technical competence in a number of areas.


As a result the country's ranking in terms of industrialization with other developing countries in quite high. India's comparative advantages such as a large pool of well –trained work force, technical skills in manufacturing and chemical industries primarily stem from the public sector.

However, after the initial exuberance of the public sector entering new areas of industrial and technical competence, a number of problems began to manifest themselves in many enterprises. Problems were observed in terms of low productivity, poor project management skills, over manning lack of technological up gradation, inadequate attention to R and D and low priority.


ECONOMIC REFORMS

In the year 1980 the world economy was hit by sky rocketing oil prices, record high level interest rate and collapse of many primarily commodity prices. In this hostile environment many developing experienced acute balance of payment(BOP) problems which were generally accompanied by high government budget deficit and Inflation .This led then rely on assistance from International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in the forms of loan.Some of these carry certain conditions in respect of trade and price policies ,the size and structure of the government  expenditure and the extent of government controls and productions. Hence structural adjustment process in most of the developing countries raised as a result a of economic crisis in the late 1970 and early 1980.

India after independence adopted the philosophy of welfare state. This resulted in enacting a series of labour legislation on order to provide protection and justice to the working class which was weak and defenseless. Hence the state assumed an interventionist role in industrial relation and it continues to hold the same position even after many changes have taken place in the industrial system.


But in recent times several changes took place particularly with regard to world trade and industrial relations and Indian economy had been in a bad shape. It has been witnessing ,a very high ratio of (internal and external) borrowing to the GNP and dismally low level of foreign exchange reserves.


The first phase of economic liberalization in India in 1980 with SDR 5 billion loan from the IMF.The loan was conditional on an adjustment program that initiated against the growth of the public sector and increased the leverage of the foreign sector. As a result of this condition the government liberalized the import regulated price controls; deregulated industrial production oriented industrialization towards export markets and toned down budgetary support for the public sector.


The package of economic reforms includes both stabilization and structural adjustment while the stabilization policy is indented to establish internal and external balances by compressing domestic demand through reduction in public expenditure and subsidies and indirectly through devaluation of currency ,monitoring policy etc.structural adjustment policy aims promoting market led growth through privatization trade liberalization ,deregulation ,disinvestment of public sector undertaking and soon. The main objectives are too promote economic efficiency and to make India so fit in the global economy.


LIBERALISATION

The word liberalization is ill defined and unfortunately prone to multiple interpretations. The most common connotation of the term, when used in the context of the term, when used in the context of economic policy is that of economic activity and the space of state intervention (except in all important matters of quarter in private property rights) and allowing for unfettered operation of market forces in determining economic process.


Beginning from mid eighties it was being realized that the country needs to open up its industrial sector not only internally but also to the outside world. A process of liberalization was initiated from 1985 onwards ,culminating into the formation of two industrial policies .One in 1980 and then in 1991.The 1991 industrial policy opened many more avenues for private sector by removing regulation ,scrapping 5

Monopolies Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP) limits and decreasing the role of public sector by allowing part equity sale along with curtaining the industries in their exclusive domain.


Liberalization includes new fiscal and trade policies which would enable easier and less costly because of the reduction of the customers duties, import of technology and other components. Liberalization also includes easing of trade restrictions which would result in attracting multi nationals to invert and setup industries in India.


The process of liberalization, which was initiated in the early nineties of the last century, was not willfully accepted course for the country. The decision to introduce this economic liberalization brought when the country was witnessing a worst economic crisis in its history. One of the features of liberalization is the entry of foreign direct investment in several sectors of economy.


Important feature of liberalization is removal of 'License Raj' which did not permit the private sector to establish industries of their own choice. Now there is no need to visit ministers and departments for licenses. Another feature of liberalization is the easing of import restrictions. Many among the private sector, may think of upgrading technology at a reduced cost. Another feature is the removal of MRTP which would enable private sector to grow in size in the place of public sector.


PRIVATIZATION


In a narrow sense, privatization implies the intention of private ownership in publicly owned enterprise but in a broader sense, it connotes besides private ownership (or even without change of ownership) the induction of private management and control in the public sector enterprises.


Privatization is one of the major elements of the structural adjustment program gaining on in most part of the world. As many 50 countries both developed and developing opted for privatization of state owned enterprises between 1980 and 1987.

Private sector is considered to be a perfect amalgamation of all virtues and public sector as an example of inefficiency and corruption. However public sector does have its advantages as well – it stabilizes employment and reduces economic dependency on foreign capital. Public sector contributes to social equity as it provides to social services to the poor, through the role it plays in the labour market. For instance Andhra Pradesh State Road Corporation serves fourteen million people a day and provides concessions to many sections of the society even though the organization sustains in loss.

In India, the concept of privatization is the recent development that came in July 1991. Privatization of public sector enterprises was initiated at the behest of the World Bank and international monetary fund. In order to lower India's budget deficit to the level of required and to get financial support from the IMF, Indian government opted to dispose of 20 percent equity shares of selected PSE to mutual funds, financial institutions, workers and public.


There are various perspectives regarding the privatization issue. According to privatization supporters, this shift from public to private management is so profound that it will produce a monopoly of significant improvements boasting the efficiency and quality of remaining care to the indigent or extend education to poor or making disabled children to get educated.

According to third perspective, the issue is not simply whether ownership is private or public. Rather, the key question is under what conditions managers will be more likely to act in the public interest. Despite the criterions India went ahead with partial disinvestment of about 8 percent shares in 30 PSUs during January 1992 – March 1993 Divestiture of shares worth Rs.5000 corers during the 15 month period also establishes the governmental commitment to privatization.

GLOBALIZATION

Globalization refers to a world in which cultures, politics and economies in some sense come closer together. The concept can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distinct localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice-versa. Globalization can also be described in terms of growing economic interdependence and cross-border linkages that increasingly connect countries worldwide, rapid advances in transport, communication and information technologies have facilitated the globalization process. Shifts in economic thinking policy and the behavioral economic agents have also contributed to increase opening and globalization. Both trade liberalization and the role of transnational corporations and financial institutions in increasing pace of capital mobility have provided a further contribution to the globalization process. By removing administrative barriers to the international movement of goods and capital, domestic and international liberalization policies alike have been essential to globalization.

INTRODUCING DISINVESTMENT IN INDIAN ECONOMY

Liberalization, Privatisation and Globalization was started from 1990.These three are implemented with more power and strength in 1998 .On the basis of discussion held at the meeting of the prime minister council on trade and industry on 11.12.1999,Government of India have decided to constitute special subject group from among the members of the council to consider and recommend implementation action points in the disinvestment area.

WHY DISINVESTMENT

Since reforms began in 1991,this is the first time after 1993-94 that one feels that reforms are going to go forward. Except industrial De-licensing and some changes in financial sector ,almost nothing has so far happened on domestic economic reforms. The second generation of reforms was to begin with public sector reform and privatization .Without this as a prerequisite, nothing else is possible. Nothing else can happen This report will express same skepticism about what is proposed for Indian Airlines. But more than these, two, what has been reputed in the media about the government intentions is the really possible signal. why is disinvestment necessary?

THE ROAD MAP:

Explain to citizens the benefits of disinvestment-more expenditure on education, health care and employment, lower interest rate, lower inflation and cost of the present status quo .Use Media Campaigns :

*Disinvestment should be driven by efficiency, rather than fiscal deficit compulsion,

*There should not be ad hoc sales nor any hang-ups about clinging on to 51% threshold level, new private shareholders will be in the minority on boards and realizations will be higher without this limit.

*If govt. equity is brought down to 26%, the enterprise will no longer be state on defined by Article 12 of the constitution .It will this be outside the orbit of the control vigilance.

DISINVESTMENT HISTORY

1.1 PAST DISINVESTMENT

1.1-1 Engineers India Ltd (EIL):PIB press release dated 14th January 2010 disinvestment of 10% paid up equity capital in Engineers India ltd (EIL) out of GOI'S shareholding of 90.40%.

The cabinet committee on economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the proposal for disinvestment of 10% paid up equity capital of EIL .out of government's shareholding in the domestic market through public offering .After this disinvestment the government shareholding in the company would come down to 80.40%.

It has also been decided that before the public offering the company will take the following steps:

i)Issue two bonus shares for every one share.

ii)Split one share of the face value Rs10 into two, the face value of RS5 each; and

iii)Decline special dividend of 1000% of the paid up equity capital.

EIL is a PSE under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and is engaged in providing engineering and related technical services for petroleum refinement and other industrial projects. The GOI is holding 90.40 % paid-up equity capital of the company  and balance is held by the general public .The shares of the company are listed on the stock exchange with less than 10% mandatory public shareholding.

1.1-2 SJVN LTD. COMPANY

No of share Divested 415000000

%age government Equity Divested (as% of past –Issue capital) 10.3

Issue Amount (Rs Crore) 1062.74 (NSE/BSE)

1.1-3 SALLUJ JAL VIDYUT NIGAMAM LTD (SJVNL)

Disinvestment of 10% paid up equity is (SJVNL)out of government of India shareholding of 75% CCEA decision.

The CCEA today approved the disinvestment of 10% equity of the company, out of its shareholding, through book building process in the domestic.After this disinvestment GOI shareholding in the company would come down to 65% and Government of Himachal Pradesh's shareholding in the company would remain same at 25% .The paid uo equity capital of the company at present is 4108.81 crore.

SJVNL, a joint venture GOI and executing projects relating to generate ,distribution,operation and maintainence and solve of power.

1.1-4     NMDC LTD

No of share Divested 332243200

%age Govt. Equity Divested(as% past-Issue capital) 8.38

Issue Amount (Rs crore) 9930.42(BSE/NSE)

1.1-5    RURAL ELECTRIFICATION CROP. LTD

No. of sharing Divested 42933000

Total No. of shares 171732000

%age Govt. Equity Divested (as % past-issue capital) 4.35

Issue amount 3530.04(NSE/BSE)

The CCEA today a proposal of Follow on public after (FPO) OF Rural Electrification corporation limited (REC) of 17173200 equity  shares of Rs 10 each constituting 20% of existing paid up –capital which comprises fresh issue of 128799000 Equity shares (15% of existing paid-up capital) by selling shareholder I.e the president of India.

Background

The rural electrification corporation limited (REC) incorporated in july 1969 under the companies Act,1956 as a Development Financial Institution ic dedicated to the growth of the power sector in general and rural electrification in particular .REC has been financing power projects in generation ,transmission and distribution .During the 5th Five year plan ,REC made a disbursement of Rs 42248.34 crore.REC cumulative disburshment to various types of power projects till 31.03.2009 were Rs92400.65 crore.

1.1-5    NTPC LTD.

No of share diverted 412273220

Total no of shares 412273220

%age govt. equity divested (as% of post-issue capital) 5.00

Issue amount 8480.10(CRORE)

Disinvestment of 5% paid up equity capital in NTPC LTD out of GOI shareholding 89.50%.

According to CCEA decision the govt. equity come down 84.50%.NTPC limited is engaged in the business of power generation .

On disinvestment of the proposed equity it is expected that the market capitalization of NTPC would be higher resources in the international market on competitive tons.

1.1-6  OIL INDIA LTD.

CCEA has approved the disinvestment of 10% of oil paid up capital in favor of the three oil marketing companies (OMCs) viz IOC,HPCL and BPCL in the ratio 2:1:1 respectively

Issue amount Rs 2777.25

1.1-7 Shipping Corporation of India Ltd(SCI)

* Sale of 10% equity in the domestic market 42045365 shares/SEBI.

* 5% discount to retail investors on the issue price.

*0.50% reserve for company employee(423454) along with 5% discount offer price for employees.

The disinvestment of SCI is expected to generate approximately Rs 1300 crore.The govt. ownership in SCI is currently 80.12% and offer the above offer of sale and further issue of shares, the government holding will be 63.75%.This disinvestment will develop a roadmap for higher people ownership of this company while ensuring that government equity does not fall below 51%.

SCI is a Navratna company with a consistent track record of profits dividend It is the largest shipping company in India owning 75 ships of 5.10 million dwt.

1.1-7 Coal India Limited

No of shares Divested 631636440.

Total no of shares 631636440.

%age govt. Equity Divested (as% of post –issue capital) 10 Issue amount Rs 15199.44 (crore)

10% equity of CIL out of its holding of 100% through book building process in the domestic market.The CCEA also approved a 5% concession to employees.

Coal India Ltd(CIL) ,a cpse ,is a Navratna company engaged in production and marketing of coal and coal products.At present ,the paid up equity capital of the company is 6316.36 crore and the government of India holds 100% of the equity in the company.

1.1-8  Manganese ore (India) Ltd(MOIL)

CCEA has approved 5% discount for employees and retail investors.

At present central government told 81.57% of the equity of MOIL(a miniratna CPSE) .The balance is held by state government of Maharashtra and Madhyaprodesh to the extent of 9.62% and 8.81% respectively .MOIL is engaged in production of Manganese ore, which is the row materials for manufacturing of alloys an essential input for steel making and dioxide ore for manufacturing dry batteries .

No of shares Divested 33600000

%age govt. Equity divested (as % of post issue capital ) 20

Issue amount (Rs crore) 1237.51

1.1-9 ONGC

No of shares divested 420416170

%age govt. equity divested (as % of post issue capital)4.91

Issue amount (Rs crore) 12749.50

1.1-10    Power Finance Corp. Ltd

No of Shares Divested 57388335

Total no of shares 229553340

%age govt. equity (as % of post issue capital )4.35

Issue amount (Rs. Crore) 4578.20

1.1-11  NBCC

No of shares Divested 12000000

%age govt equity (as % of post capital) 10

Issue amount (Rs Crore) 124.97

1.1-12 NHPC Ltd

No of shares divested   559124672

Total no of shares 1677374015

%age govt equity (as % of post capital) 4.55

Issue amount 6.38.55

1.1-13   Power grid Corp. Ltd

No of shares divested 4200884123

Total no of shares 841768246

%age govt equity (as % of post capital ) 9.09

Issue amount 7442.34

1.2 RECENT DISINVESTMENT

1.2-1 Coal India Ltd

No of shares Divested 631636440

%age govt equity (as % of post capital ) 10.00

1.2-2 SAIL

NO of shares divested 206526264

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 5.00

Disinvestment of 10.82% paid up equity in SAIL  out of GOI shareholding of 85.82%.After  this shareholding GOI shareholding in the company would come down to 75%. The paid up equity of the company ,as on 31st March,2012 was Rs 4130.53 crore .SAIL is a listed Maharatna CPSE and is the largest domestic steel producing company .It is also engaged in the business of mining ,production,and marketing of iron and steel.

1.2-3 IOCL

No of shares divested 242795248

%age govt.equity (as % of post capital) 10

1.2-4   BHEL

No of shares divested 114100000

Total share 122380000

%age govt. equity (as% of post capital)  4.66

Issue amount Rs 1886.77 crore

GOI shareholding come down to 62.72%

1.2-5    EIL

No of shares divested 33693660

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 10.00

1.2- 6  STC-LTD

No of shares divested 613600

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 1.02

Issue amount ( Rs Crore ) 4.53

1.2-7     PGCIL LTD

No of shares divested 185189014

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 4.00

1.2-8    ITDC

No shares divested of 4288470

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 5.00

Issue amount ( Rs Crore ) 30.17

1.2-9 NHPC LTD

No shares divested of 1107159036

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 10

1.2-10 NLC LTD

No shares divested of 59701260

Total shares 83885480

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 3.56

1.2-11  NFL LTD

No shares divested of 37479940

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 7.64

1.2-12    NALCO

No shares divested of 156938918

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 6.09

1.2-13 HCC LTD

No shares divested of 37119152

Total no of shares 92521800

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 4.01

1.2-14 MMTC

No shares divested of  93312000

%age govt. equity (as % of post capital) 9.33


1.3 Forthcoming Disinvestment –Government Approval Received:

Rastriya Ispat Nigam Ltd

Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd

Oil and Natural Gas Corp. Ltd

NHPC

Power Finance Corp. Ltd.

Rural electrification Coro. Ltd.

Dredging Corporation of India Ltd

Moil Ltd , Videsh, KIOCL

Bharat Broad –Band Ltd; Mazagon Dock Ltd

Southern Coalfields



 DISINVESTMENT PROCEEDS FROM SALE OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDING IN CPSEs OF 1991-00

Name of CPSE

1991-92 (corer)

1992-93 (corer)

1994-95 (corer)

1995-96 (corer)

1996-97 (corer)

1997-98 (corer)

1998-99 (corer)

1999-00 (corer)

2003-04 (corer)

AEL

*









BEL

*


47.17







BEML

*


48.27







BHEL

*

8.21

301.34







BPCL

*

331.18








BRPL

*

45.50








CMC

*









Coal India










CONCOR




97.5

14.12



221.65


CPCL

*









CPSE-ETP

*









DCIL

*








221.20

EIL



63.53







FACT

*

1.30








GAIL



194.12




671.86

945.00

1627.36

HCL


8.07








HIND-CABLES

*









HMT

*

23.38








HOCL

*









HPCL

*

331.85

563.11







HPF

*









HZL

*

81.55










DISINVESTMENT PROCEEDS FROM SALE OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDING IN CPSEs OF 2004-2016

NAME OF CPSE

2004-05 (CRORE)

2007-08 (CRORE)

2009-10 (CRORE)

2010-11 (CRORE)

2011-12 (CRORE)

2012-13 (CRORE)

2013-14 (CRORE)

2014-15 (CRORE)

2015-16 (CRORE)

AYL










BEL










BEML










BHEL







1886.78



BPCL










CMC










COAL INDIA




15199.44




22557.60


CONCOR










CPCL










DICL










EIL




959.65



497.32



FACT










GAIL










HCL






807.03

259.56



HINP-CABLES










HMT










HOCL










HPCL










HPF










HZL










BRPL










CPSE-ETF







1300.00




DISINVESTMENT PROCEEDS FROM SALE OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDING IN CPSEs OF 1991-2000

NAME OF CPSE

1991-92 (crore)

1992-93 (crore)

1994-95 (crore)

1995-96 (crore)

1996-97 (crore)

1997-98 (crore)

1998-99 (crore)

1999-00 (crore)

2003-04 (crore)

IBP









350.66

IOC



1033.65




1208.96

162.79


IPCL

*









IRCON

*









ITDC



51.99







ITI

*

15.63








KIOCL



11.40







KRL

*









MMTC

*









MOIL










MTNL

*


1322.17

135.90


910.00




NALCO

*

244.20

0.10







NBCC










NFL

*

0.72

0.28







NHPC










NLC

*

70.43








NMDC










NTPC










OIL










ONGC



1051.52

5.16



2484.96

296.48

1054.40

PFC










PGCIL










RCF

*

70.36








REC










SAIL

*

700.10

22.66

13.30






SCI

*


28.08







SJYN

*









STC

*

2.25








VSNL

*




379.67


783.68

75.00



DISINVESTMENT PROCEEDS FROM SALE OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDING IN CPSEs OF 2004-2016

NAME OF CPSE

2004-05 (CRORE)

2007-08 (CRORE)

2009-10 (CRORE)

2010-11 (CRORE)

2011-12 (CRORE)

2012-13 (CRORE)

2013-14 (CRORE)

2014-15 (CRORE)

2015-16 (CRORE)

IBP










IOC







5341.49



IPCL










IRCON










ITDC







30.17



ITI










KIOCL










KRL










MMTC







571.71



MOIL




618.76






MTNL










NALCO






627.84




NBCC






124.97




NFL







101.08



NHPC



2012.85




2131.28



NLC







358.21



NMDC



9930.42



5973.27




NTPC

3684.07


8480.10



11457.54




OIL



2247.05



3141.51




ONGC

15.99




12749.50





PFC





1144.55





PGCIL


994.82


3721.17



1637.32



RCF






310.15




REC


819.63

882.51






1610.00

SAIL






1514.50

1719.54



SCI




582.45






SJYN




1062.74






STC







4.54



VSNL











Note: In 1991-92 shares of the CPSEs (marked*above) were sold in bundles, amount realized CPSEwise is not available. There was no receipt from sale of minority shares in 1993-94, 2000-2001, 2005-2006, 2006-2007, 2008-2009

SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS FROM DISINVESTMENT: 1991-92 TO TILL DATEAS ON 15.04.2015

Year

Budgeted receipt (Rs. Crore)

Receipts through sale of minority shareholding in CPSEs (Rs crore)

Receipts through sale of majority shareholding of one CPSE to another CPSE (Rs crore)

1991-92

2500.00

3037.74


1992-93

2500.00

1912.51


1993-94

3500.00

-

-

1994-95

4000.00

4843.10

-

1995-96

7000.00

168.48

-

1996-97

5000.00

379.67

-

1997-98

4800.00

910.00

-

1998-99

5000.00

*5371.11

-

1999-00

10000.00

**1479.27

-

2000-01

10000.00

-

1317.23

2001-02

12000.00

-

-

2002-03

12000.00

-

-

2003-04

14500.00

12741.62

-

2004-05

4000.00

2700.06

-

2005-06

no target fixed

-

-

2006-07

no target fixed

-

-

2007-08

no target fixed

1814.45

-

2008-09

no target fixed

-

-

2009-10

no target fixed

23552.93

-

2010-11

4000.00

22144.21

-

2011-12

40000.00

13894.05

-

2012-13

30000.00

23956.81

-

2013-14

40000.00

15819.46

-

2014-15

39925.00

24277.17

-

2015-16

41000.00

1610.00

-

Grand Total


160612.64

1317.23




SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS FROM DISINVESTMENT : 1991-92 TO TILL DATEAS ON 15.04.2015

year

Receipts through strategic sale (Rs. Crore)

Receipts from other related transactions (Rs crore)

Receipts from sale of residual shareholding disinvestment CPSEs/companies (Rs crore)

1991-92

-

-

-

1992-93

-

-

-

1993-94

-

-

-

1994-95

-

-

-

1995-96

-

-

-

1996-97

-

-

-

1997-98

-

-

-

1998-99

-

-

-

1999-00

105.45

275.42

-

2000-01

554.03

-

-

2001-02

3090.09

2567.60

-

2002-03

2252.72

1095.26

-

2003-04

342.06

-

2463.73

2004-05

-

64.81

-

2005-06

-

2.08

1567.60

2006-07

-

-

-

2007-08

-

-

2366.94

2008-09

-

-

-

2009-10

-

-

-

2010-11

-

-

-

2011-12

-

-

-

2012-13

-

-

-

2013-14

-

-

-

2014-15

-

51.76

-

2015-16

-

-

-

Total

6344.35

4056.93

6398.27


SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS FROM DISINVESTMENT: 1991-92 TO TILL DATEAS ON 15.04.2015

Year

Total receipts(Rs corer)

Transactions (Rs corer)

1991-92

3037.74

Minority shares sold in Dec, 1991 and Feb, 1992 by auction method in bundles of "very good", "good" and "average" companies

1992-93

 1912.51

Shares sold separately for each company by auction method

1993-94

-

Equity of 6 companies sold by auction method but proceeds received in 94-95.

1994-95

4843.10

Shares sold by auction method.

1995-96

168.48

Shares sold by auction method.

1996-97

379.67

GDR –VSNL

1997-98

910.00




GDR –MTNL

1998-99

5371.11

GDR-VSNL; Domestic offerings of CONCOR and GAIL; Cross purchase by 3 Oil sector companies i.e. GAIL, ONGC and IOC.

1999-00

1860.14

GDR-GAIL; Domestic offering of VSNL; capital reduction and dividend from BALCO; Strategic sale of MFIL.

2000-01

1871.26

Sale of KRL, CPCL and BRPL to CPSEs; Strategic sale of BALCO and LJMC.

2001-02

5657.69

Strategic sale of CMC, HTL, VSNL, IBP, PPL, hotel properties of ITDC and HCI, slump sale of Hotel Centaur Juhu Beach, Mumbai and leasing of Ashok Bangalore; Special dividend from VSNL, STC and MMTC; sale of shares to VSNL employees.

2002-03

3347.98

Strategic sale of HZL, IPCL, hotel properties of ITDC, slump sale of Centaur Hotel Mumbai Airport, Mumbai; Premium for renunciation of rights issue in favour of SMC ; Put Option of MFIL; Sale of shares to employees of HZL and CMC.

2003-04

15547.41

Strategic sale of JCL; Call Option of HZL; Offer for Sale of MUL, IBP, IPCL, CMC, DCI, GAIL and ONGC; Sale of shares of ICI Ltd.

2004-05

2764.87

Offer for Sale of NTPC and spill over of ONGC; sale of shares to IPCL employees.

2005-06

1569.68

Sale of MUL shares to Indian public sector financial institutions & banks and employees

2006-07

-


2007-08

4181.39

Sale of MUL (Rs.2366.94 cr)shares to public sector financial institutions, public sector banks and Indian mutual funds and sale of PGCIL (Rs.994.82 cr) and REC (Rs.819.63 cr) shares through Offer for Sale.

2008-09

-


2009-10

23552.93

Rs.2012.85 - NHPC, Rs.2247.05 OIL , Rs. 8480.098 NTPC , Rs.882.52 REC, Rs.9930.42 NMDC

2010-11

22144.21

Rs.1062.74 SJVN , Rs. 959.65 EIL, Rs. 15199.44 COAL INDIA , Rs. 3721.17 PGCIL, Rs. 618.75 MOIL ,Rs. 582.45 SCI

2011-12

13894.05

Rs.1144.55 PFC,Rs. 12749.5 ONGC

2012-13

23956.81

Rs. 124.97 NBCC,Rs. 807.03 HCL, Rs. 5973.27 NMDC, Rs. 3141.51 OIL, Rs. 11457.54 NTPC,Rs.310.15 RCF,Rs.627.84 NALCO,Rs. 1514.50 SAIL

2013-14

15819.46

Rs.571.71 MMTC, Rs.259.56 HCL, Rs.101.08 NFL, Rs.30.17 ITDC, Rs.4.54 STC, Rs.358.21 NLC, Rs.2131.28 NHPC, Rs. 1637.32 PGCIL,Rs.497.32 EIL,Rs. 1886.78 BHEL, Rs. 5341.49 IOCL, Rs. 3000 CPSE-ETF

2014-15

24328.93

Rs.3.60 Employee OFS of NFL,Rs. 48.16 Employee OFS of NTPC,Rs.1719.54 SAIL, Rs.22557.63 COAL INDIA

2015-16

1610.00

Rs.1610.00 REC

Total

178729.42



  * Out of Rs.5371.11, Rs. 4184 corer constitute receipts from cross purchase of shares of ONGC, GAIL and IOC.
     ** Out of Rs.1479.27, Rs.459.27 corer constitutes receipts from cross purchase of shares of ONGC, GAIL and IOC.
  

The government of India(GOI) and the economists those favored disinvestment and advocated on the behalf of disinvestment because they thought due to massive disinvestment that means privatization of public sector enterprises , the country will achieve high GDP growth, low income inequality, greater employment opportunity  ,improvement of social development indicator(good latrine facility, huge internet users, life expectancy rate at birth, good sanitation condition, availability of LPG to every citizens, high educational enrollment, low degradation of environmental elements, teacher-student ratio, low poverty, availability of drinking water facility, high HDI,low HPI, low GINI coefficient etc) high export earning bill, low import bill payment, low government expenditure, high government revenue ,low fiscal deficit, low social discrimination and high economic development. Ultimately we can conclude that according to supporter economist and politician of disinvestment program. the country will achieve sustainable development. Now we should check whether this is true or not?

The disinvestment program were kept as totally stopped in the years 1993-94,2006-07,2008-09.The receipt of the government form massive disinvestment in the years  were 2014-15,2013-14,2012-13,2011-12,2010-11,2009-10, and 2003-04 .Now in this paper we will check the economic change not only in the year of massive disinvestment but also in the year of zero disinvestment.

In 2012-13,2013-14,2014-15 the disinvestment receipt were 23956.81 corer ,15819.46 corer and 24328.93 corer ,but GDP growth in the year 2012-13 and 2013-14 were 4.47 and 4.74 respectively.On the contrary in 2006-07 and 2008-09 the disinvestment receipt was zero, but GDP growth in these year were 9.57 and 6.72 respectively.In the year 1993-94 total disinvestment receipt is zero , but GDP growth is 5.68. So we can not say that higher disinvestment ensure higher GDP growth in India.

THE DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF DISINVESTMENT RECIEPT FROM 1991 TO 2016

                                     Table-1















                              GDP Annual Growth Rate (YoY)   

year

GDP Growth

year

GDP Growth

year

GDP Growth

1951-52

2.33

1972-73

-.32

1993-94

5.68

1952-53

2.84

1973-74

4.55

1994-95

6.39

1953-54

6.09

1974-75

1.16

1995-96

7.29

1954-55

4.25

1975-76

9.00

1996-97

7.79

1955-56

2.56

1976-77

1.25

1997-98

4.30

1956-57

5.69

1997-78

7047

1998-99

6.68

1957-58

-1.21

1978-79

5.50

1999-00

8.00

1958-59

7.59

1979-80

-5.20

2000-01

4.15

1959-60

2.19

1980-81

7.17

2001-02

5.39

1960-61

7.08

1981-82

5.63

2002-03

3.88

1961-62

3.10

1982-83

2.92

2003-04

7.97

1962-63

2.12

1983-84

7.85

2004-05

7.05

1963-64

5.06

1984-85

3.96

2005-06

9.48

1964-65

7.58

1985-86

4.16

2006-07

9.57

1965-66

-3.65

1986-87

4.31

2007-08

9.32

1966-67

1.02

1987-88

3.53

2008-09

6.72

1967-68

8.14

1988-89

10.16

2009-10

8.59

1968-69

2.61

1989-90

6.13

2010-11

8.91

1969-70

6.52

1990-91

5.29

2011-12

6.69

1970-71

5.01

1991-92

1.43

2012-13

4.47

1971-72

1.01

1992-93

5.36

2013-14

4.74

                     GDP Annual Growth Rate (YoY


year

Agriculture and Allied services

Agriculture

Industry


Mining and Quarrying

Manufacturing

Service

1991-92

-1.95

-2.31

0.34

3.36

-2.40

4.69

1992-93

6.65

7.06

3.22

0.92

3.09

5.69

1993-94

3.32

3.18

5.50

1.39

8.59

7.38

1994-95

4.72

4.74

9.16

9.29

10.82

5.84

1995-96

-0.70

-0.98

11.29

5.87

15.46

10.11

1996-97

9.92

10.40

6.39

0.55

9.50

7.53

1997-98

-2.55

-2.90

4.01

9.81

0.05

8.93

1998-99

6.32

7.12

4.15

2.83

3.13

8.28

1999-00

2.67

2.41

5.96

4.19

5.39

12.05

2000-01

-0.01

-0.61

6.03

2.31

7.30

5.07

2001-02

6.01

6.46

2.61

1.86

2.27

6.61

2002-03

-6.60

-8.41

7.21

8.42

6.87

6.74

2003-04

9.05

10.84

7.32

2.70

6.34

7.89

2004-05

0.18

0.07

9.81

7.91

7.38

8.28

2005-06

5.14

5.53

9.72

1.31

10.10

10.91


2006-07

4.16

4.13

12.17

7.47

14.32

10.06

2007-08

5.80

6.34

9.67

3.69

10.28

10.27

2008-09

.09

-0.27

4.44

2.14

4.33

9.98

2009-10

0.81

0.41

9.16

5.89

11.30

10.50

2010-11

8.60

9.54

7.55

6.54

8.86

9.67

2011-12

5.02

5.34

7.81

0.10

7.41

6.57

2012-13

1.42

0.91

0.96

-2.16

1.14

9.96

2013-14

4.71

4.93

0.35

-1.38

-0.71

7.00


It is found in this paper that in the year 2011-12,2012-13 a massive disinvestment program has taken specially in 2012-13 the disinvestment amount was Rs 23956.81 corer , but the agriculture and allied service growth rate was only 1.42% where as in the year 2006-07,1993-94 the disinvestment receipt was zero but the agriculture and allied service growth rate were 4.16% and 3.32% respectively. In the year 1996-97 the disinvestment receipt was Rs379.67 corer but the agriculture and allied sector growth rate was 9.92% where as in 2002-03 total disinvestment amount was 3347.98(Rs. Corer) where as the growth of agriculture and allied service sector is -6.60%. So we can conclude in this context that the disinvestment does not permit high growth in the agriculture and allied service sector.

In the same way we have found out from data table that in the year 2002-03 the agriculture sector growth rate was -8.41% and in 1996-97 it was 10.40% where as in the years of zero disinvestment the growth rate of agriculture sector were 4.13% and 3.18 % respectively.

The diagrammatic and table representation of Industrial sector represents a very interesting result that is in the zero disinvestment years we got 5.5%(1993-94),12.17%(2006-07) and 4.44%(2008-09) respectively.The massive disinvestment years represents a lower  growth rate of industry are 0.96%(2012-13) and 0.35%(2013-14) .In the year 1995-96 the industrial growth rate was 11.29 but disinvestment amount was just Rs 168.48 corer.The correlation between disinvestment and industrial growth is totally paradoxical .

In the Manufacturing sector the zero disinvestment years illustrate 8.59%(1993-94),14.32%(2006-07),and 4.3%(2008-09) growth rate respectively. Where as the massive disinvestment year 2012-13  and 2013-14 illustrate very low growth rate 1.14% and.71% respectively.

In the service sector ,the zero disinvestment years represents 14.32%,4.33% and 7.38% respectively where as high disinvestment years represents 9.96%(2012-13) and 7% (2013-14) growth rate in service sector.

                             






                                         EXPORT GOODS AND SERVICES % GDP

YEAR

INDIA

IRAQ

IRELAND

2000

12.8

75.7

95.6

                2001

12.3

65.3

96.6

                2002

14

70.6

90.7

                2003

14.7

77.4

80.9

                2004

17.6

56.3

80.4

                 2005

19.3

54.3

78.3

                2006

21.1

51

76.6

              2007

20.4

45.9

77.5

              2008

23.6

80.3

80.4

             2009

20

59.4

87.1

             2010

22

40

95.7

            2011

24

44.4

97.7

            2012

24.4

44.9

105.6


Indian export is not gradually increased with the rapid change of privatization of  the government sector.The increment of Indian export was very slowly with respect to Iraq and Ireland.
















Indian Economy*

YEAR

Import of goods/services % GDP

Unemployment total(%of total labour force)

Agriculture value added (%of Gdp)

2000

13.7

4.3

23.0

                2001

13.2

4

22.9

                2002

15

4.3

20.7

                2003

15.4

3.9

20.7

                2004

19.3

3.9

19

                 2005

22

4.4

18.8

                2006

24.2

4.3

18.3

              2007

24.4

3.7

18.3

              2008

28.7

4.1

17.8

             2009

25.4

3.9

17.7

             2010

26.3

3.5

18.2

            2011

30.7

3.5

18.4

-

-

-

-

            2012

31.1

3.6

18


We thought that the massive disinvestment program will stimulate India's inward oriented production so that India will meet low level import bill.But we got adverse result that means from above table representation it is clear the import bill continuously rises from 2000 to 2012 rapidly.so the massive disinvestment totally faiure to decrease the huge amount import bill.

The unemployment rate was more-or-less constant.The agricultural contribution to GDP continuously decreased over time.





YEAR

Inflation CPI(annual%ofGDP)

Inflation GDP deflator (annual%)

% Internet users

2000

4

3.6

0.5

                2001

3.7

3.2

0.7

                2002

4.4

3.7

1.5

                2003

3.8

3.9

1.7

                2004

3.8

5.7

2.0

                 2005

4.2

4.2

2.4

                2006

6.1

6.4

2.8

              2007

6.4

5.8

4

              2008

8.4

8.7

4.4

             2009

10.9

6.1

5.1

             2010

12

9

7.5

            2011

8.9

6.4

10.1

             2012

9.3

7.6

12.6






In the above table and below diagrammatic representation illustrate inflation rate continuously rises over time .The

Massive implementation of disinvestment program does not ensure lower inflation .The internet users in India is so far away from developed nations .The LPG system is partially success  to modernize the Indian society.




year

CO2emissions metric tons(per capita)

Life expectancy at birth

2000

1.1

62.2

                2001

1.1

62.6

                2002

1.1

67.9

                2003

1.2

63.3

                2004

1.2

63.7

                 2005

1.3

64.1

                2006

1.3

64.5

              2007

1.4

64.8

              2008

1.5

65.1

             2009

1.7

65.4

             2010

1.7

65.7

            2011


66.0

             2012


66.2

It is concerning matter to our future generation that if CO2 emission increases over time then various environmental problem will emerge and as result our future generation will face very pathetic environmental degradation such as tsunami, high temperature and so on. On the other hand , the life expectancy rate at birth of Indian remained more-or-less constant over time and this is due to insufficient health expenditure in Indian budget.   


The government of India strongly has opinioned on the behalf low level fiscal deficit due to massive disinvestment program. But in the below table and diagrammatic representation shows that in the zero disinvestment year 2006-07 , India has found lower level fiscal deficit that is 3.32% of total GDP. So we can not say that higher level disinvestment means lower level fiscal deficit.



Central Government: Revenue, Expenditure and Fiscal Deficit (% of GDP at current market prices)

Year

Total Revenue Receipts

Total Expenditure

Fiscal Deficit

1990-91

10.67

18.52

7.85

1991-92

11.50

17.06

5.56

1992-93

11.02

16.38

5.37

1993-94

9.50

16.51

7.01

1994-95

10.12

15.87

5.75

1995-96

9.85

15.01

5.16

1996-97

9.81

14.69

4.88

1997-98

9.40

15.24

5.84

1998-99

9.53

16.04

6.51

1999-00

9.90

15.30

5.40

2000-01

9.80

15.50

5.70

2001-02

9.70

15.90

6.20

2002-03

10.9

16.80

5.90

2003-04

12.60

17.10

4.50

2004-05

9.44

15.37

3.88

2005-06

9.40

13.70

3.97

2006-07

10.11

13.58

3.32

2007-08

10.87

14.29

2.54

2008-09

9.60

15.70

5.99

2009-10

8.84

15.82

6.46

2010-11

10.11

14.22

4.89

2011-12

8.37

14.53

5.75

2012-13

8.77

14.06

4.89

2013-14(BE)

9.29

14.64

4.77

2013-14(RE)

9.06

14.01

4.62

2014-15(BE)

9.24

13.94

4.13

Source : Budget documents. The 2013-14 figures are RE and the 2014-15 figures are BE; BE - Budget Estimates

Note : The ratios to GDP at current market prices are basd on the CSO's National Accounts 2004-05 Series.(DATA book for ps;4th August 2014).





Now we should give our kind attention on the socio economic development of India so that we can understand the consequences of the impact of disinvestment on social development indicator.

Household Having Assets

Total No of Households (excluding institutional households)

246692667

Radio, Transistor     Television        Computer/Laptop

19.9 %                           47.2%               Total-9.5% (with Internet-                                                                           

                                                            3.1%; Without Internet-6.4%)

Telephone/mobile phone- 63.2%        Bicycle     Car/Jeep/Van

Landline only-4.0%                  44.8%            4.7%

Mobile only-53.2%

Both-6.0%


Scooter, Motor cycle, moped        none of the specified of

                21.0% the assets possessed by

The household -17.8%


Distribution of household by Type of Fuel Used for Cooking

Total No of Households (excluding institutional households)

246692667

Firewood                      Crop Residue                 Cow dung cake

49.0%                             8.9%                                     8.0%                                    

Coal, Lignite, Charcoal          Kerosene                              LPG  

           1.5%                              2.9%                                  28.6%


Electricity               Biogas         Any other        No cooking        

  0.1%                         0.4 %               0.5%                     0.3%


Banking Services and Ownerships Status

Household availing banking services-58.7%

Owned households-86.6%

Rented households-11.1%

Other households-2.4%

Distribution of Households by Source of Lighting

Electricity             kerosene       solar energy           Other oil

    67.3 %                    31.4%                  0.4 %                           0.2%

Any Other                       No Lighting

0.2%                                   0.5%

Distribution of Households by Number of dwelling Rooms

No exclusive room-3.9% ; One Room- 37.1% ;Two Room-31.7%

Three Room-14.5%; Four Rooms-7.5%;Five Rooms-2.6%; Six Rooms and above-2.8%

Household size

1memeber-3.7%; 2 member-9.7% ; 3 member-13.7% ; 4members-22.7%; 5member -18.8%; 6-8 member- 24.9%; 9+ member-6.6.

Latrine Facility Available Within Premises

I) Flush /Poor flush latrine connected to

Premises      Piped Sewer system     Septic Tank     Other System

 46.9% 12.0% 22.2% 2.3%

II)Pit Latrine

With slab/Ventilated improved Pit             Without slab/open pit

                     7.6% 1.8%

III) Other Latrine

Night soil disposed into open drain -0.5%

Night soil removed by human-0.3%;    Night soil serviced by animal .02%

Distribution of household by Availability of drinking Water Facility

I)Tap Water: Total 43.5%

From treated source :32.0%

From untreated  source:11.6%

II) Well: Total -11.00%

Covered well    Uncovered well      Hand pump     Tub well Spring

   1.6%    9.4% 33.5% 8.5%

River/cannel              tank/Pond/Lake                  Any other Source

  0.6%                                 0.8%                                               1.5%

III) Availability of Drinking water source

Within the premises-46.6%

Near the Premises-35.8% and Away -17.6%.

Distribution of Household by Predominate Material of Wall

Grass, Thatch, Bamboo etc-9.0%; Plastic, Polythene-0.3%

Mud, Unburnt brick-23.7% ;Wood-0.7%


Stone: Total-14.1%

Not packed with morter-3.4%;Packed with morter-10.8%

G.I, Metal,Asbestors  Sheets-0.6% ;Burnt brick-47.5%

Concrete -3.5% ;Any other Material-0.6%

Distribution of Households by Predominant Material of Roof

Grass, Thatch, Bamboo, wood, Mud etc: 15.1%

Plastic/Polythene-0.6%; Brick-6.65%; Concrete-29.1%;Stone/slate- 8.6%; G.I ,Metal Asbestos ,Sheets-15.9%.

TILES :TOTAL-23.8%

Hand made tiles-14.5%; Machine made tiles-9.3%

Any other material-0.4%.

HDI Trends In India :1980-2011

1980    1990   1995   2000   2005   2010   2011   RANK-2011 0.344   0.410  0.461  0.504  0.535  0.542  0.547    134


The Effect of Disinvestment on Formal                                            Employment

*After privatization of Airport Centaur within a day all 677 employees who were working with hotel Airport centaur lost their jobs and one living in Pathetic condition. No one heard then, they are dying every day………………………………..

*After privatization of hotel Juhu centaur ,510 employees lost their jobs .

*After privatization profit making company VSNL ,2200 employees out of 3000 lost their jobs.

*By passing the parliament ,the GOI  sold profit making company surplus of Rs.6550 corer BALCO to Vedanta group for only Rs.551 Corer. Majority employees lost their jobs.

*If ONGC is privatized totally by central government ,then 34000 thousand formal employee have lost their jobs.

*The Indian Railway is called as blood circulation system in India.

1652000 Employees in1991 and 1511000 employees in 31st March ,2002 and today figure come down to 1361519.

Trade unions consider privatization will promote employers' interests. The trade unions claim that private sector cannot guarantee that itwill be always productive and contribute positively to the economy of the country.

The BMS precisely listed the implications of privatization such as

(a) Increase in evasion of labour laws.

(b) No respect for trade union rights.

(c) Employment would shrink drastically

(d) Private sector would not enter into long term projects hence the absence of long term employment.

(e) Working conditions would be poor and exploitative.

(f) Work load of works would increase.


(g) Safety, health, training of employees and pollution control mechanisms would remain neglected dimensions.


However there is not enough evidence to suggest that privatization would destroy jobs. In India, experts have suggested that there might be reduction in employment in the short run but in the long run they have assured that more employment opportunities would be generated. Reducing employment to a small extent for the viability of a unit is better than closing down the unit after a little while. The experiments of privatization in Mexico show that through privatization did cause some decline in employment in the short run, employment levels rose very quickly in most companies.

After the globalization of Indian economy there has been reduction in employment generation in organized sector. Only in private sector the rates of employment generation has been increased, but the sector has only 31% volume of employment in the total employment in organized sector. So the major part of employment (69%) related in public sector and the employment generation in this sector have been very low16. Another feature of globalization is that it wll reduce domestic production because, now have no compulsion to produce the things of our uses, we can get these without producing by importing which is comparatively cheaper than to produce domestic things and due to globalization we are becoming more consumers than producers, therefore small productive activities create small employment opportunities. Therefore the impact of globalization on employment generation in Indian organized sector particularly on public sector effected negatively with regard to employment generation in India.

Effects on poverty and unemployment

Poverty and unemployment go hand in hand because poverty is associated with unemployment. With implementation of economic reforms serious consequences would arise. Therefore serious efforts need to be made to promote job oriented plans. Serious adverse repercussions will be faced by labour unless social security measures like unemployment, insurance based on tripartite contributions are also introduced.


The above development in relation to economic reforms leads to increase in poverty, unemployment and flexible employment particularly during the short term workforce, reduction drives in both public and private sectors, which results in reduction in the size of labour force in the already thin organized sector where about 26 million or less than 9% of the total work force in the country. In the former East Germany on the eve of unification and the transition that followed, one out of every three jobs was reportedly lost. In some of the major industries which got restructured or privatized in the U.K during Margaret Thatcher's period jobs were lost, such industries included coal and steel, among others, when Japanese National Railways was privatized, nearly 3 lakh workers were declared surplus.

A Bombay based trade union research group estimated an average decline in full-time, permanent employment in 34 firms in Bombay at about 20.5% between 1980 and 1990.

Another study (Sarat 1992) of six industries – Tea (West Bengal) Textiles (West Bengal) Power (Andhra Pradesh) Ports (All ports) Engineering (West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh) and Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals (Maharashtra) pointed to a decline in full time employment and unionization rates during the 1980s. The study also pointed to a rise in the incidence of casual and contract Employment.

Trade unions are very much effected not only by rise in unemployment but also with current restructuring process. Labour displacement due to structural adjustment programme will result in a shift in employment and most of the workers working in formal sector were displaced into informal sector where there is little protection and labour laws cannot be implemented properly against those working in informal sector besides there will be no union activities to fight for wages and working conditions.

Economic reorganization or structural adjustment programme resulted in enhancement of poverty, unemployment and flexible employment in which regular employment or permanent employment would be deteriorated year by year. The percentage of regular employment will be reduced and flexible employment such as outsourcing contractual workers, part time workers, casual worker and home workers would be increased. Figure-1 summarizes the new employment relations not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. Therefore we may conclude that flexible employment relations are the order of the day which has a greater impact on the strength of the trade unions.






New Employment Relations in the developed and developing countries


At the center are the regular employees whose number is dwinding as a consequence of adjustment measures. These are the legally adequately protected employees. The second level consist of employees covered by triangular or trilateral arrangements. Compared to the regular employees, these types of workers generally do not enjoy security of tenure. And at the third or outer most levels are the other types of bilateral employment relations. These consists of home workers, workers in a boundary system, part-time workers, commission-paid workers, contractual workers, casual employees and other similar employee groups. Compared to the regular work force and those in a triangular or trilateral arrangement, they are the most legally inadequately protected employees.

A study of labour markets and structural adjustment in 12 developing countries (Horton et.al., 1951) drew there major conclusions.

(a) Firstly real wages are more flexible than is generally supposed, which suggests that labour markets are not a source of rigidity impending adjustment.

(b) Secondly, in response to structural adjustment, labour has moved in the direction opposite to that usually associated with economic development, it has shifted back into agriculture, out of manufacturing and out of public sector.

(c) Thirdly, recession plus adjustment have also resulted in an increase in informalisation, greater use of casual labour, decreased worker benefits, and decline in wages differentials for skill and possibility for education32.


If we examine above conclusions labour in some countries welcomed structural adjustment programme and become part and parcel of economic reforms.

Employment implications

The outcome of reforms and industrial restructuring is retrenchment or loss of employment "An estimated 4.17 lakh workers are employed in 58 chronically sick units in the central public sector which were initially identified for closure".

The effects of economic reforms on labour


1. In coming years, as the labour market gets flooded with 10 million more unemployed, the trade unions would find it difficult to mitigate the adverse consequences of the structural changes.

2. Workers on a large scale will be retrenched and no trade union action will enable them to find new jobs. The unions would lose their credibility to some extent.

3. Trade unions would hardly able to pinpoint the spare resources for job creation as they would go into profit making production.

4. Unions would continuously fail in preventing the control of industries by a handful of industrial groups.

5. Trade unions would be forced to cooperate with the managements to tide over various crisis.

6. While some big trade unions would fight with their backs to the wall, the smaller unions would fadeout in the long run.

7. The employment perspective will be for the trade unions, the foremost point in their actions.



8. Trade unions find it most difficult to organize unions in nearly established industries, their hands been full with problems.

9. Private industries with imported would prefer to have company unions passing a challenge to the trade union movement.

10. More unions will be freed from political dominance.

11. The big trade unions in their efforts to survive will seek more efficient interdependent system of functioning.

12. Keeping in view the emphasis on work culture, the trade unions will be modifying their internal working order more and more services of the outsiders will be incorporated in their day to day functioning.


13. Trade unions will be seeking protection more through contractual obligations than from industrial disputes act.

14. The grand idea of participation in management will die its natural death. The managements of new modern industries would keep the workers organizations at an arms length.

15. The workers in general would turn a deaf ear to the voice of the trade unions.

16. Trade unions will have no alternative but to have one center of labour, thus ending, all the multiplicity of unions.


FINDINGS


  1. Ŷ(GDP) = 14.19 + 0.09X     : R2= 0.09, P value= 7.78E – 20

  2. Ŷ(DISINVESMENT EFFECT ON AGGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SERVICE)= 1.6 + 6.40X, R2=0.12, P value= 0.201883

  3. Ŷ(DISINVESTMENT EFFECT ON AGGRICULTURE)= 3.45 – 1.6X, R2= 0.0058,P – 0.03401

  4. Ŷ(EXPORT)= 17.20+7.03X, R2=0.165, P-4.21E – 07

  5. Ŷ(IMPORT)= 19.92 + 9.64X, R2= 0.139, P-5.89E – 06

  6. Ŷ(FISCAL DIFICIT)= 11.277 + 0.09X, R2= 0.096, P- 5.62E -18

  7. Ŷ(INDUSTRY)= 6.68 – 1.55X, R2= 0.010, P- 3.59E – 06

  8. Ŷ(INFLATION)= 5.99 + 2.58X, R2= 0.046,P- 0.000417

  9. Ŷ(MANUFACTUREING)= 7.30 – 3.10X, R2= 0.023, P- 6.16E – 05

  10. Ŷ(UNEMPLOYMENT)= 4.027 – 0.30X, R2= 0.054, P- 3.789 - 12


CONCLUSION

Disinvestment plays a very important role in Indian political economy. By simple regression analysis, considering disinvestment as independent variable and gdp growth, agriculture and allied services, agriculture growth,export,import,fiscal deficit,inflation,manufacturing,unemployment ,as dependent variable, we got adverse result in every case. So politician and economists should give kind attention on disinvestment program whether it is positively or negatively affected on Indian economy.

REFERENCE

Department of Disinvestment –Ministry of Finance (Government of India)

Prime Minister's Council on Trade and Industry (GOI)

Disinvestment commission of GOI

E-Book on Major Activities and Achievements (Ministry of Finance Department of Disinvestment New Delhi)

www.shipindia.com

www.ntpc.co.in

www.recindia.nic.in

www.pfcindia.com

www.censuscommission.gov.in

www.nhpcindia.com

www.nmdc.co.in

www.powergridindia.com

www.moil.nic.in

www.sjvn.nic.in

Employment and unemployment situations in cities and towns in India(NSSO 68th Round) july2011-june2012

Ministry of statistics and program implementation GOI

NSSO report no.(68/10/5)

www.coalindia.in

www.oil-india.com



SUMMARY OUTPUT

















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.290747








R Square

0.084534








Adjusted R Square

0.044731








Standard Error

0.902082








Observations

25

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

1.728253

1.728253

2.123806

0.158545




Residual

23

18.71631

0.813753






Total

24

20.44456

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

14.18364

0.478141

29.66411

7.78E-20

13.19453

15.17275

13.19453

15.17275

X Variable 1

0.088412

0.060667

1.457328

0.158545

-0.03709

0.213912

-0.03709

0.213912




























SUMMARY OUTPUT

















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.352389








R Square

0.124178








Adjusted R Square

0.082472








Standard Error

3.909627








Observations

23

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

45.51128

45.51128

2.977477

0.099118




Residual

21

320.9889

15.28518






Total

22

366.5002

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

1.603984

1.217494

1.317447

0.201883

-0.92793

4.135901

-0.92793

4.135901

X Variable 1

6.408639

3.713998

1.725537

0.099118

-1.31504

14.13232

-1.31504

14.13232






















SUMMARY OUTPUT

















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.075875








R Square

0.005757








Adjusted R Square

-0.04396








Standard Error

4.865584








Observations

22

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

2.741587

2.741587

0.115806

0.737177




Residual

20

473.4781

23.6739






Total

21

476.2197

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

3.44121

1.512106

2.275773

0.03401

0.287012

6.595409

0.287012

6.595409

X Variable 1

-1.59316

4.681585

-0.3403

0.737177

-11.3588

8.172457

-11.3588

8.172457




























SUMMARY OUTPUT

















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.405003








R Square

0.164027








Adjusted R Square

0.08803








Standard Error

4.093687








Observations

13

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

36.16978

36.16978

2.158324

0.169809




Residual

11

184.341

16.75827






Total

12

220.5108

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

17.22356

1.628396

10.57701

4.21E-07

13.63949

20.80764

13.63949

20.80764

X Variable 1

7.032713

4.787012

1.469124

0.169809

-3.50343

17.56886

-3.50343

17.56886






























SUMMARY OUTPUT

















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.37236








R Square

0.138652








Adjusted R Square

0.060348








Standard Error

6.190051








Observations

13

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

67.84675

67.84675

1.770682

0.210223




Residual

11

421.484

38.31673






Total

12

489.3308

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

19.91282

2.462293

8.087106

5.89E-06

14.49335

25.33229

14.49335

25.33229

X Variable 1

9.631955

7.238426

1.33067

0.210223

-6.29971

25.56362

-6.29971

25.56362






























SUMMARY OUTPUT


















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.309102297








R Square

0.09554423








Adjusted R Square

0.054432604








Standard Error

0.819099415








Observations

24

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

1.55924

1.55924

2.32402

0.141638




Residual

22

14.76032

0.670924






Total

23

16.31957

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

11.27604913

0.435269

25.90596

5.62E-18

10.37336

12.17874

10.37336

12.17874

X Variable 1

0.083979121

0.055087

1.524474

0.141638

-0.03026

0.198223

-0.03026

0.198223































SUMMARY OUTPUT

















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.103886








R Square

0.010792








Adjusted R Square

-0.03631








Standard Error

3.455634








Observations

23

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

2.735925

2.735925

0.229112

0.637129




Residual

21

250.7696

11.94141






Total

22

253.5055

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

6.677796

1.073423

6.221031

3.59E-06

4.445491

8.9101

4.445491

8.9101

X Variable 1

-1.54758

3.23317

-0.47866

0.637129

-8.27133

5.176166

-8.27133

5.176166





























SUMMARY OUTPUT


















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.214285112








R Square

0.045918109








Adjusted R Square

-0.040816608








Standard Error

3.020809973








Observations

13

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

4.831009

4.831009

0.529409

0.482056




Residual

11

100.3782

9.125293






Total

12

105.2092

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

5.980956138

1.201625

4.977391

0.000417

3.336198

8.625715

3.336198

8.625715

X Variable 1

2.570211423

3.532428

0.727605

0.482056

-5.20461

10.34503

-5.20461

10.34503































SUMMARY OUTPUT

















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.151644








R Square

0.022996








Adjusted R Square

-0.02353








Standard Error

4.725609








Observations

23

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

11.03791

11.03791

0.494278

0.489747




Residual

21

468.9589

22.33138






Total

22

479.9968

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

7.322341

1.467915

4.988261

6.16E-05

4.269646

10.37504

4.269646

10.37504

X Variable 1

-3.10845

4.421387

-0.70305

0.489747

-12.3032

6.086325

-12.3032

6.086325




SUMMARY OUTPUT

















Regression Statistics








Multiple R

0.232059








R Square

0.053852








Adjusted R Square

-0.03216








Standard Error

0.320241








Observations

13

















ANOVA









 

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F




Regression

1

0.064208

0.064208

0.626083

0.445522




Residual

11

1.1281

0.102555






Total

12

1.192308

 

 

 













 

Coefficients

Standard Error

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept

4.0261

0.127386

31.60542

3.78E-12

3.745724

4.306475

3.745724

4.306475

X Variable 1

-0.29631

0.374479

-0.79125

0.445522

-1.12053

0.527915

-1.12053

0.527915































    








































































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