BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE ISSUES DEALT

 

ANNEXURE-IV

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE ISSUES DEALT WITH BY 6 SUB-GROUPS

OF THE X PLAN STEERING COMMITTEE ON EMPOWERING TRIBALS

I Policies and Legislations relating to Protection and Development of STs

The Sub-Group on ‘Policies and Legislations relating to Protection and Development

of STs’ identified certain critical, issues that are detrimental to the tribal life and development

and requiring immediate attention of the Government. They include - implementation of

various Constitutional provisions including Fifth and Sixth Schedules, legislations and

policies especially that of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act of 1996 and

related to land, forest, displacement, indebtedness and development of primitive tribal groups

etc.

i) Land : Agriculture being the primary economic occupation of the tribals, land is the only

basic source for their livelihood and subsistence as 87.19% of STs (1991 Census) are

engaged in this primary sector of the economy. The significant change recorded during

1961 Census to 1991 Census is in respect of the percentage of tribal cultivators which

has declined from 68.18% in 1961 to 54.5% in 1991 and a relative increase in the

agriculture labour amongst STs i.e. from 19.71% to 32.69% during the same period.

The dynamics of change in the percentage of ST workers over three decades i.e. from

1961 to 1991 implies – i) an increasing landlessness; ii) stagnation of industrial workers

at 12 to 13%; and iii) little occupation diversification / mobility. This also indicates the

increasingly ongoing tribal land alienation which is leading to their pauperization and

their economy to a precarious situation. Further, shifting cultivation which is one of the

prime source of living for the tribals has also been severely restricted.

Cultivable land holdings amongst the tribals are also systematically deprived by the

non-tribals resulting in tribal assetless destitution. The dispossession of tribal land

mainly results due to – i) entry of exploitative and unscrupulous plains-man into the

tribal areas; and ii) unprecedented growth of industrialization and urbanization in the

mineral ore / forest rich tribal areas and establishment of development projects in the

tribal areas. In fact, the rebels and insurgencies which have taken place during the last

two centuries particularly against the colonial administration can be traced mostly to

loss or apprehension of loss of land and forest. In this context, the Fifth and Sixth

Schedules and other provisions of the Constitution relating to Scheduled Tribes can

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play a big role on this aspect. Although there is no authentic survey based data on tribal

land alienation, it however felt and acknowledged that there persists continuing increase

in the tribal land alienation, while the restoration of the alienated tribal land is far too

dysmal – resulting in tribal landlessness and destitutions. The aforesaid scenario

contrasts strangely and sharply with the solicitude which legal enactments and policy

pronouncements expressed in offering protection to scheduled tribe people. In fact, Para

5(2) of the Fifth Schedule casts a special responsibility on the Governor of the State to

make regulations prohibiting are restricting the transfer of land by or among members

of the STs, as well as regulating the allotment of land to members of STs in Scheduled

Areas. Similarly as per para 3 of the Sixth Schedule, the autonomous District Council

are bestowed with the power to make loss with prospect to the allotment, occupation or

use, or the setting apart of land other than which is resort for forest, graining, residential

or other agricultural purposes. In addition, the States having sizable ST population has

also made regulations and passed enactments not only to curb land alienation among

tribals but also restore illegally transferred tribal land.

ii) Forest : Almost all the Committees starting from Dhebar Commission of 1961 and

various Study Reports observed that forest is one of the most important resource of the

tribal people, though next to agriculture. Therefore, it is both an integral and vital part

of the way of the life of the tribals and their very existence. Thus, all the forest areas

found in the country are inhabited by various tribals manifest a symbiotic relationship

between forest and the tribals living in. Tribals historically depend on forest for various

subsistence and material items viz., food, edible leaves, honey, fruits, wild games,

material including wood for constructing house and making various artifacts. Thus

evidently there exists a harmony between forest ecology and tribal culture and

production system evolved through age old process of adaptation, synchronization and

mutual sustenance. Having intricately related to forest habitat, the tribals are yet to

comprehend and appreciate the concept of right on forest land resources as pronounced

in the parlance of the forest and forest related acts. Recognizing the importance of forest

to the tribals, the National Forest Policy of 1988 pronounced very categorically the

following:

‘The life of tribals and other poor living within and near forests revolves around

forests. The rights and concessions enjoy by them should be fully protected. Their

domestic requirements of fuelwood, fodder and minor forest produce and

construction timber should be the first charge on forest produce. These and

substitute materials should be made available through conveniently located depots

at reasonable prices.’

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The age old colonial legislation related to the ownership of forest viz. the Indian

Forest Act IFA), 1927 has under gone little change to accommodate and appreciate the

changing scenarios. Some of its Clauses and Sections (Clause 5 and Section 10)

unequivocally recognize the practice of shifting cultivation is the privilege subject to

the control, restriction and abolition by the State Government. Similarly, Section 11

confers inordinate powers on the Forest Settlement Officer to divide claims, in or over

any land for the purpose of acquisition of the land under Land Acquisition Act (IFA),

1984. Similarly, some provisions of the existing Forest & Land Acquisition Acts are

adversely affecting the interest of the tribals who are custodians of Forests for

cultivation. Thus, there is a need to scrutinize this legislation and bring about necessary

amendments in the interest of tribals and to conform to the democratic spirit of our

times.

Some of the provisions of IFA, 1927 do not appear to be consistent / in conformity to

both 1988 Forest Policy Resolution and PESA Act, 1996. The conflict of provisions

under mentioned Acts and Ministry of Environment & Forests and Department of Rural

Areas and Employment arises mainly with the empowering of Gram Sabhas (as per

PESA Act, 1996) as the locus Institutions for necessary consultation as regards

acquisition land for development projects, rehabilitating the displaced tribals and in

planning and implementation of developmental programmes / projects in Fifth

Scheduled Areas. The difficulties in recognizing and implementing PESA Act, 1996

also due to the power and authorities bestowed upon the Gram Sabha, through

appropriate State Legislation especially as regards – i) the ownership of MFP; ii) the

power to exercise control over institutions and functionaries in all social sectors; and iii)

the power to control local plans and resources for such plans including tribal sub-plans.

The Constitutional mandate in terms of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments and the

PESA Act 1996 are of paramount importance so far as empowerment of the local

governance and tribals are concerned, hence should be given effect with due

prominence. Further, the seventy-decades old colonial Indian Forest Act and even the

Forest Conservation Act 1980 should be brought in line with the realities of the present

day situation, while preserving their essentially laudable objectives. The political,

economic and social developments of Scheduled Areas warrant changes in different

spheres, including legislation. Only then, rights and interests of the tribals as regards

collection of MFP and marketing of the tribal produce without getting subjected outside

exploitation agents can be accomplished by having proper linkages with the Provision

of PESA Act, 1996.

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The functioning and performance of the Cooperatives viz., Large-Sized Multi Purpose

Societies (LAMPs) and TDCCs, TDCs, Forest Development, Cooperatives, TRIFED

that are created for marketing of tribals produce has left much to be desired so far as

purchasing surplus tribal produce with remunerative prices and protecting the tribals

from the unscrupulous-exploitative middlemen. In fact, some of the activities of these

organizations imply they are at cross-purposes. These include – i) state’s monopoly

rights on commodities with number of restriction; ii) no uniform pricing (MFP prices

very from State to State); iii) Forest Department’s restrictions on tribals to collect

certain MFP; iv) operating increasingly with commercial perspective rather than

cooperative lines; v) according exceeding importance to procurement of agriculture

produce over others; vi) out of tune MFP unit prices when compared to the prevailing

market price; vii) confusion and complication faced by tribals due to multiplicity of

agencies viz., FDCs, TDCs, Panchayat Organizations, Agencies of Agriculture

Departments; and viii) persisting dependence of agencies.

iii) Planned Development and the Constitutionally Mandated Empowerment : In the

beginning of the Plan era till Seventies, upliftment of the backward and weaker sections

was conceived through the concept of Community development and the block

development structure were thus created as the agency to achieve the same. However

during Sixties, the participation of the people in Community development decreased

affecting both quality and quantity of development achievements. It is in this context

and background, the Tribal Sub-Plan strategy (1974) was adapted both at State and

Centre towards earmarking funds and benefits in various development sectors and

making use of them in a projectised approach in tribal majority areas through Integrated

Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs) or Integrated Tribal Development Agencies

(ITDAs) - a new administrative structure for implementing TSP. However, like the

general Plans, the TSP also relied highly on the bureaucratic machinery. The result it

has become subject to a number of skills chief amount being lethargy indifference,

apathy and even corruption. In fact, the total result of efforts at tribal development has

been that notwithstanding the staggering investment the physical achievements have

been incommensurate. Although some visible achievements can be seen in the form of

re-enforcement of infrastructure or creation of new items of infrastructure, the impact of

the TSP on the socio-economic betterment of tribals households seems to have been

almost imperceptible. The TSP thus seems to have lost its spirit, getting boggiest down

in mechanical and ritualistic routine.

After having depended on the bureaucratic machinery for development to occur among

the tribal people for too long and having not achieved expected achievements, it is now

realized that development should be the prerogative of those who suffer its

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consequences. To this effect, the 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendment Act and PESA

Act, 1996 are the landmark achievements in so far as conferring powers and authority to

the Panchayats and Gram Sabhas is concerned. However, effective implementation of

PESA Act, 1996 is hampered due to reluctance in the part of the State Government to

enact a State law that conform to the letter and spirit of PESA. The need of the day is,

therefore, that the concerned States should enact legislations or if already enacted, it

should be in total conformity with the PESA Act, 1996 in letter and spirit. Although the

PESA Act also ruled control of the Gram Sabha and the Panchayat ‘over institutions

and functionaries in all social sectors’, full-scale tie-ups have not been worked out as

yet between Panchayats at different levels and the corresponding executive machinery.

In fact, there is a multiplicity of deliberative as well as administrative and technical

organizations at different levels within a district as well as within a State, creating

confusion, dis-functionality and inefficiency.

The one weakness of the Sixth Schedule has been that the Autonomous District

Councils (ADCs) have been dependent on the concerned State Governments. In cases

where State Government does not take favorable view, the ADCs have not been able to

give a good account of them. In the implementation of TSP, diversion of funds at State

and even lower levels has also adversely affected the tribal development programmes.

iv)Poverty : There has been an impressive decline in the percentage of ST population

living below poverty line from 55% in 1973-74 to 36% in 1993-94 indicating a definite

improvement accrued through various economic growth- oriented strategies adopted,

especially through poverty alleviation programmes, however, a relatively high growth

of economy was registered during nineties. This, however, did not commensurate with

the decrease in the proportion of ST population. The situation and character of poverty

amongst the ST population, besides the classical view point also reflect certain

depressing scenarios specific to the tribals viz., - i) slippage / lack of viable means of

production in their possession; ii) shrinking employment, particularly for the unskilled

labour due to the expansion of capital / technology-intensive industry, trade and

commerce; and iii) the ubiquitously spiraling curve of inflation.

Although the special strategy of Tribal Sub-Plan is primarily intended to bring

economic upliftment amongst the tribals and thus raise them above poverty line, but the

same could not be implemented, as expected. The delivery system in all its hierarchical

formations has failed the Tribal Sub-Plan objectives as well as the people it was

targeted to serve. Further, the manipulation of subsidy and loan elements in various

schemes aimed at economic improvement of the tribals has worked in grotesque ways.

The subsidy element has substantially been siphoned off by the development agents,

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while the tribal family has been left burdened with loans. The new innovations and

technological advancement although have transformed mainstream society

progressively but unfortunately these remain still out of bound of the tribals living in

hinterland. Effective promotion and induction of advanced technology / innovations in

the tribal areas suitable to their environment, mode of production and capacity,

qualitative and quantitavely in the tribal areas, would increase productivity and

consumption.

A vital component of the poverty-alleviation strategy among tribals is prevention of

erosion of their subsistence-based economy and restoration to them of their land, forest,

river, sea, water, pasture and air life-support systems. Other components could, of

course, be added: education, vocational education, health, nutrition, safe drinking water,

housing, sanitation, and hygiene. However, the priority should be assigned to

prevention of exploitation. Second, the environment should be conserved. Other

measures should supplement.

v) The Dissonance, Displacement and Distress : The prime aim of the TSP strategy is

to increase productivity levels in Scheduled Areas and tribal areas encompassing

agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry forestry, fisheries etc. through provision of

various inputs and supportive measures. On the other hand, the national plans seek to

give impetus to the national economy through establishment of mega-projects like

mining complexes, industries, hidel projects/dams/irrigation projects, new townships

and other development projects which require resources like land, mineral, water etc.

Incidentally most of the resources are concentrated in tracks which are predominantly

inhabited by the tribal people. Hence, with the result, the tribals have been pushed out

to enable location location of the different projects for stimulating national economy.

This situation ostensibly established that the special strategy of TSP and the national

plans are working at cross-purposes. Since 1950, as many as 50 million people have

been displaced due to various development projects, of them 40% are tribals. This

indicates about 20 million tribals accounting to 25% of the total ST population have

been dislocated from their base. The modern industrialization process which utilizes

various resources and endowment available in tribal areas and displacing the tribals

from their own base is yet to give a serious thought for the rehabilitation or

employment. Besides several tribal generations facing displacement have been totally ill

equipped by AF schooling, education, training etc. to take advantage of the new

developments. This has rendered the displaced tribals to destitution and pauperization.

This has posed an ethical question whether to sacrifice one section of people who are

otherwise backward and vulnerable for the sake of other sections of the society? An

answer to this, is to have a clear cut Rehabilitation Policy for the Displaced Persons,

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more suitable to the displaced tribals. The draft of the Policy is yet to be finalized /

adopted.

vi)Tribal Indebtness : As tribals generally live up hands and not ensured of guaranteed

agricultural production due to various ecological and physical risks, restrictions and

uncertainties involved, they are not assured of round the year supply of necessary

subsistence requirements for sustenance. With the result, they have no other option but

to borrow periodically from the most exploitative moneylenders at exorbitant rates of

interest and eventually end up in the syndrome of the debt-trap. This is where the tribal

land comes to the market or to the moneylenders, causing permanent economic

disability to the tribals as they once for all had disposed off their land which is the

primary source of their subsistence. Under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, the

Governors of the States with Scheduled Areas have been given powers to restrict

private moneylenders. However, existing legal measures to curb the money lending to

the tribals have failed to extension of moneylenders. The situation of tribal indebtness

has further aggravated and compounded with the Governments subsidy-cum-loan

schemes that extend loans as these schemes faced the tribals into further indebtness,

while there is a little or no gain accrued from the on-going schemes of economic

development.

vii)Primitive Tribal Groups : The 75 so-called "primitive tribal groups" cry for action.

No amount of mere legislation and unimplemented policy is going to i) save those on

the brink of extinction; ii) provide food to those who live on the edge of starvation; and

iii) pull back to health those suffering from ailments resulting from lack of proper

nutrition. The 75 groups are diverse in character and live in totally different

environments but share in very fragile condition and some of them are under the threat

of getting exist, as they live in extreme conditions of backwardness and depravations.

Broadly, these groups fall in the following few categories: i) Hunters and gatherers e.g.

Jarawa, Sentinelese, Shompen, Birhor; ii)Shifting cultivators e.g. Konda Reddi, Korwa,

Pahariya, Saora; iii)Artisans e.g. Kotwalia, Asur; iv)Agriculturists e.g. Chenchu, Birjia;

v)Miscellaneous workers like wage-labourers. Although, the Government of India has

been generous in funding their planned development. But the results, so far, have hardly

been fruitful. One of the causes may be the lack of suitable agency of execution of the

programmes. Preponderantly, the programme has been entrusted to official agencies.

But, little work seems to have been done. Since many of these small PTGs are now

poised on the edge of time, the agency or agencies deployed to look after them should

posses a degree of empathy, sensitivity and integrity.

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viii) The North-Easter Region : When issues concerning tribals in India are discussed,

the North-Eastern Region needs special mention due to its geographical and strategic

location, rich mosaic of demographic and ethically and also for the tribal unrest and

insurgency. Although the Government has been keeping 10 per cent plan funds from the

budgets of the Central Ministries/Departments for the North-Eastern areas and to

continue as non-relapsable funds this alone would not help improve the situation of the

tribals. The on-going ready-made developmental programmes and schemes are not

filling the bill in the region. The tribal issues in North-Eastern Region are, in fact,

complex in nature, as they all represent a mix of political, ethnic, economic, sociopsychological,

cultural etc. Adding to this, the continued influx from outside has

aggravated the otherwise disturbed situation.

ix) Socio-economic Development : Tribal education and tribal health are two major

issues call for close attention in so far as the socio-economic development of STs are

concerned. Some of the issues that concern tribal education are as follows:

- The question of inequitous achievements in educational status of tribals - while some

of the five hundred odd tribal groups are advanced, some are in the middle stages and

some are still at the very backward end. Further universalistic education pattern to all

tribes on equal terms do not help all e.g. The system of education for the Mizo may

not suit the Jarawa or the Onge as they are at different stages of development owing to

their respective evolutions of social systems.

- According to census figures, the tribal groups in the country have more than hundred

languages. Tribologists are aware that many of these groups are not able to

comprehend any language other than their own, though some of them may be

bilingual or even trilingual. The most advanced amongst them are able to compete

even with the non-tribal sections of the society. But for the majority of these groups,

the basic question is what ought to be the medium of instruction. Even a more thorny

question is whether it is practicable to undertake a venture of preparing text-books in

the scores of different languages that the tribal groups speak.

- In modern education prevalent among the educated classes of the Indian society, a

certain pedagogical procedure is followed which is certainly not suitable for the tribal

youth. However, wherein they are trained in different facets of life following their

own unique pedagogy. Little study has been done in this matter. Should extensive

work be done, we would benefit not only for tribal education but also even for general

education.

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- Teachers absenteeism in tribal schools has been a chronic and well known problem.

The teachers are able to getaway with it due to lack of local supervision.

Departmental supervision is distant and ineffective. The absenteeism has to be

remedied. One way could be to invest management of the educational institutions in

the local tribal communities so that they can take care.

Along with education, health is reckoned as one of the basic necessities. The National Health

Policy (1983) devoted a small niche to the hill and tribal people of India, calling for

special measures for them. The Bhuria Committee the architect of PESA Act of 1996

recognized the importance of health and education in the tribal areas and recommended

that they should be made the first charge on the finances of the Panchayats in Scheduled

Areas and tribal areas, indicating the importance the sector deserves. Considering the

vast heterogeneity of environmental, demographic, socio-economic, socio-cultural and

other conditions among the myriad tribal groups, the interacting factors include - (a) the

effect of environment inhabited by the tribal community (b) behavioral pattern, cultural

pattern and life-style of the community (c) hereditary and genetic determinants and (d)

health care delivery service, particularly with reference to cultural constraints, need to

be analyzed and appreciated clearly. In fact, the issues concerning tribal health,

nutrition and genetico-environmental aspects have been obscure, not having received

adequate research attention.

x) The Need for a National Policy for Tribal Development : There are policies that

exist today with a direct bearing on the welfare and development of the tribals.

They include - Education Policy (1986), Health Policy (1983), Forest Policy (1988),

Excise Policy (1974) and Rehabilitation Policy (still a draft) etc., These sectoral

policies, no doubt, can help improve the conditions of the tribals in their respective

sectors, but cannot bring a holistic impact. Therefore, there lies an immediate need

for adoption of a comprehensive national policy for the development of tribals. No

doubt, Pancheel has provided the much needed prelude and philosophy for the

welfare and development of tribals, but, there is a need for going beyond the

foundations of Panchsheel to have concrete structure of traditional tribal policy

framework. The need for a National Policy thus becomes all the more an urgent

need in the context of the effective implementation of PESA Act of 1996 which

gives a ‘cause and effect’ realization to accomplish all round development of

tribals in India within a comprehensive framework.

II Implementation of the strategies of TSP, SCA to TSP and GIA under Article 275(1) of

the Constitution and other development measures for STs

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A special strategy of Tribal Sub-Plan was introduced in the early Seventies to extend

focused attention to the tribals as per their special distribution viz.- i) tribals living areas with

their concentration; and ii) dispersed tribals. While the Scheduled Areas with more than 50%

population are brought and attended to under the Tribal Sub-Plan, the dispersed tribals are

expected to be covered under general programmes with special and modifying versions of the

same keeping in the specific requirements of the tribals concerned. As the tribal situation

manifest inter and intra regional variations, TSP strategy was to have no straight jacketing of

programmes, rather to evolve the same with reference to the specific situations in each area

and need there be for even small groups located therein. The strategy of TSP essentially aims

at - i) elimination of exploitation in all forms to improve the quality of life and building the

inner strength of the community with recognition of the community as a basic unit; ii)

executing welfare and development programmes with both traditionally universalistic

problem addressing to the community as a organic whole without disrupting its community

structure; and iii) supporting individualistic programmes addressing to individual families as

per their specific needs subject to the overall constraints of i) and ii). Over the years,

however, an individualistic programme have come into prominence in expansion of the

community as a whole, thus loosening the fabric of organic network and weakening its

inherent sustaining strength.

The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution is the instrument which provides special

protective measures to the Scheduled Areas, vis-a-vis, the tribals living therein, towards

accomplishing peace and good governance. It is in this context, the Fifth Schedule was

amended to ensure coverage of all TSP areas in the Scheduled Areas. After the first face of

identification of Tribal majority areas, the process of rationalization of the Sub-Plan Areas

was discontinued in 1981. The result is that all the States that are substantial majority areas

which are covered under TSP, but are not scheduled. Besides, the States with tribals in small

numbers such as Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, there areas not being

scheduled and hence devoid of the Constitutional protection i.e. as provided under the Fifth

Schedule. This has left the task of extending Constitutional protection to all the tribals

unfinished. Now, since the enactment of PESA Act, 1996, it is necessary to reorganize the

administrative units in these areas so that the programmes for development and protection

can effectively be implemented acknowledging and upholding the competence of the

community to manage its affairs in accordance with its customs and traditions. This is

necessary to ensure that the natural resources including the land in the scheduled / tribal areas

and the natural functioning of the community to handle its own affairs are not in touch for

any purpose without consulting the Gram Sabha which is otherwise has the ability and

legitimate authority to handle its own affairs.

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While the ITDPs to function as the basic unit for planning and implementation of

protective measures as well as development programmes, the development blocks are

expected to function as a micro unit of special planning wherein the needs of each village is

taken care of. However, since the provision has been made in this regard in PESA Act vide

Section – 4(m). Sub-section (vii) of this Section envisages the Gram Sabha / Panchayats shall

be endowed with "power to control over local plans and resources for such plans including

Tribal Sub-Plan". This being a Constitutional provision supersedes all other provisions in this

regard including rules and guidelines, which may be issued by the Ministry / Department of

the Centre or a Department in a State. To this effect, the legal frame work for planning at the

appropriate level could be the block or the village, which is now part of the Constitutional

scheme.

Planning for tribal development has been envisaged as a holistic process with a clear

focus on the community and with no rigid frames of any description whatsoever. In fact, this

is the message of the Fifth Schedule itself. While the need of the tribal areas has to be

assessed in organic and holistic terms, the working of the State is highly sectoralised.

Moreover, there are also other formal divisions, such as, plan and non-plan activities. A

beginning was made on the planning side with the pooling of all plan resources in the TSP on

the basis of disaggregation of outlays in different departmental activities. The Central

Ministries were also expected to earmark certain provisions in their Plans for the TSP.

As regards the implementation of TSP, it is a matter of concern that the TSP has been

prepared on the basis of sector-wise disaggregation exercise all through and the second stage

of deciding about the outlays in the beginning of the Plan has not been taken so far. Thus, the

process of planning in TSP has remained disaggregational and integrated projects for the

meso areas could not be prepared. In fact, even the Integrated Tribal Development Projects

have remained notional and the Project Officers in many cases are unable to perform their

coordinating role effectively because of the lack of authority and commitment at higher level.

Further, the question of preparing block wise plans in keeping with the needs and priorities of

each area has remained a far cry.

The artificial dividing line between the Plan and non-plan activities also creates many

other problems / predicaments especially in accomplishing planning in a holistic frame in

vital sectors of education and health. Often the States, due to prevailing resource constraints,

indulge in questionable practice of using funds for plan activities for making good of the

shortfall on the non-plan side. Notwithstanding the prevailing constraints, a beginning as

necessary, need to be made by bringing in the non-plan activities in the TSP areas of all

Departments under the same budget Head as for the plan programmes (plan and non-plan

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outlays shown separately). This will facilitate to have an overall view of the investment in the

concerned sector under TSP and help see that there are no invisible cuts are made.

The Provision of Special Central Assistance (SCA) and its use by the concerned

States leave much to be desired. In the TSP frame, the Special Central Assistance is

envisaged as supplement to the outlays from the State and Central plans as also the

institutional funds. The initial sanctions of SCA shall depend on the overall performance of

the State at the end of the year i.e. the eligibility of the State will depend on the overall

expenditure during the year against this outlay. If the total expenditure during the year was

less than the outlay, the State will not be eligible for any SCA during that year. However, if

the expenditure exceeds the outlay provided, SCA equivalent to differential amount between

outlay provided and expenditure aimed in the year would be the amount that the State gets

eligible to entitlement. Such an exercise would require a single demand for the TSP and its

proper accounting as a part of the normal exercise. The system, however, has not been

operationalised.

In fulfilling the Constitutional responsibility, the Union Government extends grant-inaid

to States under Article 275(1) of the Constitution for the purpose of promoting welfare of

STs and for raising the level of administration of the Scheduled Areas to the rest of the areas

of the State. As the Scheduled Areas remained outside the purview of the Finance

Commission, the special grants provided to the States for the Scheduled Areas as per the

provision of Article 275(1) are accordingly not the concern of the Finance Committee.

However, notwithstanding the fact that the special grant does not fall under the purview of

the Finance Commission, the Seventh and Eighth Finance Commissions provided ad-hoc

grants. The Government of India, while making its submission to the Seventh Finance

Commission, stated that "a continuous review would be necessary for fixing the base

investment in each State from year to year, for providing supplementation as may be decided

by the Finance Commission and for identifying further gaps in terms of the first proviso to

Article 275(1). The periodical review should lead to a clearer presentation of the tribal

situation before the next Finance Commission". This review, however, has not been started

even after twenty years and four Five year Plans have already rolled by. The Plan exercise

without a simultaneous exercise in respect of raising the level of administration, which is

specifically mentioned under Article 275(1), will remain incomplete and the effectiveness of

plan programmes may itself be in jeopardy.

The Provision of Article 275(1) about individual programmes being approved relates

to a situation in which there was no role for Planning Commission. This provision, therefore,

has to be interpreted with reference to the well-established process of planning in our

country, i.e. through the Planning Commission which is now half a Century old. The outlays

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under this Proviso have to be supplemented and should aim at ensuring that the total plan for

the tribal areas acquires an organic form and the supplementation is used for filling the gaps

and adapting the general programmes. Under the special scheme of GIA under Article

275(1), there can be no contingencies in which funds may be found wanting for tribal

development as the need has to be fulfilled, in toto. These outlays are to be charged on the

Consolidated Fund of India.

Although the tribal areas are located at the margin of administrative boundaries

including that of the States, the social, economic and geographical parameters remain

unchanged across the boundaries. It is time that the planning for economic development

should follow the resource region contours. The tribal areas on the borders of Andhra

Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Orissa and Maharashtra are known to be comprising of one resource

region which was even formally designated as Dandakarnya region. Similar resource regions

in the sub-plan areas of Rajasthan, Western Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Northern

Maharashtra as also of Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh, Orissa and West Bengal need to be identified.

Also, regional development bodies need to be constituted for coordinating the developmental

efforts.

A special programme was taken up for the PTGs as part of the tribal sub-plan

strategy. The entire expenditure for the welfare and development of these communities was

being borne by the Union Government. However, the programmes have not picked up and

many a groups are on the verge of extinction. The key to success in these programmes is the

identification of groups facing the challenge of survival rather than going by generalized

programmes for the entire community as a whole. The programmes should aim at removing

the critical obstacles. Moreover, the work should be taken up by the specially trained small

teams equipped with special skills.

It is a matter of deep concern that education has suffered a set back as the tribal

people got disillusioned and disinterested in the wake of educated boys inability to get

employment for which they are supposed to groomed from the beginning. Moreover they also

get maladjusted back home since they miss the period of acculturation in their traditional

activities because of schooling. It is high time that the education system in the tribal areas is

reoriented to the reality of life. This reorientation has to be all through right from Class 1 to

University education.

The Tribal Research Institutes have lost their initial vigor and got involved with

routine type of work. In many cases they are headed by administrators just as stopgap

arrangement. One of the major problems is lack of leadership at the national level. This issue

had been discussed from the very beginning. A central institution away from the field may

111

tend to become dysfunctional. It was, therefore, decided at one stage that the TRI of Madhya

Pradesh which accounted for about one-fourth of the tribal population should be given

national status, while it continues to devote to the problems of the State. However, the

decision was not implemented. Now, two new States of Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh have

come up. As Jharkhand already has a TRI, a new start will have to be made by Chhatisgarh.

Therefore, the TRI in Chhatisgarh can be established as a national Institute.

Similarly, at the national level, though the Government could succeed in setting up of

exclusive Ministries/Departments to ensure focussed attention for various individual Groups

like Tribals Women and Children; SCs, OBCs and Minorities; yet the very same Division in

the Planning Commission with no support staff and headed by an Adviser continues to takes

care of SCs, STs, OBCs and Minorities. Besides, there are women, children, disabled,

destitutes, social deviants, drug addicts, aged etc. to be taken care of by the very same

Division. The Sub-Group, therefore, strongly feels that there should be at least two fullfledged

Divisions each handed by an independent Adviser, one dealing exclusively with SCs,

STs, OBCs and Minorities and the other with all other disadvantaged Groups mentioned

above.

III Development of Forest Villages and the Tribals living therein and the problems

related to shifting cultivation

Development of Forest Villages inhabited by the tribal population has been a

neglected area in the process of developmental planning. Although, the development of

Forest Villages and the tribals living therein has been identified, as an area of priority, but the

same has never received any attention of the Government. At present, there are about 5000

Forest villages in the country which are under the control of the Forest Department. While

Maharashtra, has the maximum number of 3500 forest villages and holds the credibility of

converting all those into Revenue Villages, the two States of Madhya Pradesh and

Chhattisgarh account for about 2000 Forest Villages. The rest of the States account for

varying numbers, with the majority of the forest villages being concentrated in Orissa; Bihar;

Jharkhand; Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu, besides some of the North Eastern States

(Assam-524; Meghalaya-26; and Nagaland-1). Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and

Tripura States have also reported to have converted all their Forest Villages into Revenue

Villages.

As the Forest Villages are located in the interiors of the forests and not being declared

as revenue villages, the inhabitant of these villages who are around 2.50 lakh families are

complete by deprived of even the basic minimum services that are otherwise made available

to the people in the Revenue Villages. While the forest resource base on which village

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inhabitants traditionally subsisted upon is fast eroding and adversely affecting the very

survival of the tribals living therein, the alternative sources of income extended through the

implementation of various Social Forestry activities by the Forest Department are also not

ensured of through out the year. Some of the major problems faced by the Forest Villages are

as listed below:

- Lack of infrastructure facilities viz., Approach roads, electricity, drinking water,

Schools, Hospitals, and Irrigation Tanks and other basic facilities;

- Lack of Fair Price/Food Grain shops.

- Poor productivity of agriculture land and Unproductive cattle population.

- Lack of forward and backward linkages etc., and

- Lack of proper credit facilities and Bank loans as the inhabitants do not have the

papers related to the land, which are necessary in getting the loans sanctioned.

Therefore, the problem of indebtedness;

- Lack of stable Land Tenure System. The Patta of the land is basically having

leased status and not treated at par with the Patta of revenue land. This is due to

the fact that the land, which is occupied by these settlers is having the status of a

Reserved Forests attracting the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and especially the Forest

(Conversion) Act, 1980.

- the departmental rivalry between the Forest and Revenue Departments resulting

in the complete exploitation and negligence.

In addition to the above, the practice of Shifting Cultivation (jhumming) by the people

living in the Forest Villages in North-Eastern States, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh

and Tamil Nadu, is another major problem which hampers the economic development of the

people living therein.

Shifting Cultivation : The practice of Shifting Cultivation although ecologically hazardous,

is still being practiced by the tribal population on higher slopes of hilly areas of the

country. About 22.78 lakh hectares of Forest Land is affected by the practice of shifting

cultivation spread over ten States, viz.- Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,

Manipur, Nagaland, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh and Tripura. Tamil Nadu also has a small

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shifting cultivators population in the hilly areas of Kalrayn, Panchamalai and Anamalai

Hills. Although ecologically unsound, shifting cultivation is integrally linked to the tribal

economy in the areas where it is practiced and the social economic and ritual activities are

also centered on this practice.

Shifting cultivation is practiced in areas especially where the tribals hold traditional

right over large chunks of revenue lands which are either in the process of notification as

Reserved Forests or the lands which were not taken up for notification as Reserved Forests.

Of this, around 83.7% of the total area i.e. 19.91 lakh hectares is located in the North Eastern

region. As per the Task Force Report on Shifting Cultivation (1983), about 44 lakh tribal

jhumia families were found to be engaged in the practice of jhumming in the NE region.

Studies conducted by the various Committees / Task forces from time to time on

Shifting Cultivation have observed that the problem of Shifting Cultivation is a very complex

one involving economic, social and psychological aspects of the tribal community and hence

viewed that it should not be considered in isolation but should be addressed with an

integrated area plan approach.

In Fifth Five Year Plan the Ministry of Agriculture launched a Pilot project, i.e. in

1976-77 to control the practice of shifting cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and the

whole of North East. This scheme continued to be implemented with main objectives to

protect the hill slopes of shifting cultivation areas / jhum areas through different soil and

water conservation measures on water shed basis and reduce further land degradation

process; encourage relocation shifting cultivating families by providing developed productive

land and improved cultivation packages; to improve the socio-economic status of the families

practicing shifting cultivation through household / land based activities; and to mitigate illeffects

of shifting cultivation by introducing appropriate land, as per the capability and

improved technology.

Some of the problems causing impediments in the implementation of

weaving away programmes of Shifting Cultivation in the 5,000 odd forest villages

include - i) the universal / straightjacket top down approach to ethnically

culturally and regionally diversified people practicing shifting cultivation often

failed as they do not categorically address to the specific micro situation; ii)

partial coverage instead of complete coverage of villages practicing shifting

cultivation have neither help control shifting cultivation nor fully helped the

shifting cultivators; iii) training and skill development of the beneficiaries in the

chosen field of interest has been badly neglected in many of the developmental

schemes adversely affecting successful acceptance of alternative vocations by the

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shifting cultivators; iv) promotion of horticulture with special and exclusive thrust

while no efforts were made to promote other sectors such as silvi-pasture and

social forestry; v) piecemeal approach instead of sustained effort for considerable

period as may be required to tackle the problem; and many technologies /

treatments offered were not acceptable to the tribals as these were not suitable /

acceptable or cost effective.

IV Economic Development of STs through the mechanisms available within ST- specific and

ST- related Finance and Development Corporations

Economic development amongst the tribals is of paramount importance for

ensuring their well-being and empowerment, especially in the context of the specific

depressing situations that STs are in viz. – outsiders exploitations, indebtness, abject

poverty, assetlessness, poor productive capabilities, primitive technology, lack of

marketing linkages etc. Thus, among others, various Corporations and Cooperatives

both at the Centre and State levels have been functioning to mitigate the above said

critical situation.

The Financial Institutions that are functioning at both at Centre and State levels

for the economic development of Tribals include - i) National SCs and STs Finance and

Development Corporation (NSFDC); ii)National Scheduled Tribes Finance and

Development Corporation (NSTFDC); iii)National Cooperatives Development

Corporation (NCDC); iv)State Tribal Development Corporations (STDCs); and v)

Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED).

The NSFDC was established on 1989 with the broad objective of financing,

facilitating and mobilizing funds from various sources for economic development of the

SCs/STs, those are living below the poverty line. After the formation of New Ministry of

Tribal Affairs, the National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation

(NSTFDC) was set up with an authorized share capital of Rs. 500 crore for promotion of

human resources and economic development activities of STs. It operates through the State

level ST Development Corporations and other channelising agencies for providing

concessional financial assistance to income generation schemes. It also provides grants for

skill development-cum-training programmes for both backward and forward linkages.

The National Cooperatives Development Corporation (NCDC) is a national level

institution to promote in development of tribal cooperatives in the field of processing, storage

and marketing of agricultural and forest produces. The NCDC has extended financial

assistance to the State TDCs including the LAMPs for purchase of transport vehicles, cold

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storage, setting up of small / medium processing units of agriculture, horticulture, forest

produces etc. and also provides the margin money and share capitals.

The State level Tribal Development Corporations are acting as channelising agencies

of National Scheduled Tribe Finance Corporations. Of these, functioning of Andhra Pradesh

ST Finance & Development Corporation is summarized below :

i)TRICOR aims at providing financial assistance towards margin money to enable the

poor Scheduled Tribe beneficiaries to mobilize the required institutional credit to take

up the income generating economic activities. The margin money is provided to the

extent of 20% of the unit cost limited to Rs.2,400/- under Economic Support Scheme

(ESS) and Rs.30,000 under Self Employment Schemes and NSFDC Schemes. In order

to provide assistance for taking up economic activities by the ST beneficiaries, the

Corporation aims at mobilizing financial resources like subsidy from the agencies

involved in the poverty alleviation programmes and institutional finance from

Commercial Banks, Andhra Pradesh State Finance Corporation, Regional Rural Banks

and Cooperative Societies.

ii) Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED)

: A National level, multipurpose financial institution to check the exploitation of tribals

by the middlemen in the field of MFPs, surplus agricultural produces of tribals. It has

national network for procurement, processing and marketing of forest and agricultural

produces in tribal areas of the country. Although these supporting financial institutions

were expected to function optimally to cater to the economic development of STs they

face certain impediments that contribute to their non-viability and sustainability viz., - i)

low recovery rates; ii) no direct supervision of the National Level institution (Finance)

on the State Channelising Agencies (SCA); iii) non-taking up sector specific lending

schemes those are viable and feasible for economic development of beneficiaries; and

iv) lack of no direct-correlation with the SCA and the beneficiaries with inadequate

funds to meet the project cost undertaken etc. Besides the above problems identified by

the Sub-Group on the functioning of the Corporations working for the economic

upliftment of STs, the following observations recorded in the Mid-Term Appraisal

Ninth Plan throws some light on the effectiveness of these Corporations :

"A critical assessment of the working of all these Corporations over a period of

five to ten years would show that none of these Corporations justifies the name

of being a Corporation; they are heavily dependent upon governmental

assistance. Generally, the Corporations are expected to become self-reliant over

a period of 2-3 years of their establishment. Instead, these organizations are

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becoming more and more dependent upon the Government and demanding hike

in the Authorized Share Capital from time to time, which is not a healthy sign.

This calls for an urgent study of the working of all these six Corporations with a

major objective of introducing necessary reforms, both business and managerial,

so as to make them effective financial instruments in empowering the

disadvantaged. If such action is not taken, there is every danger of these

Corporations becoming a permanent burden on the Government. Action to this

effect needs to be completed during this Plan period.

V Tribal Health with a special focus on the utilization of indigenous

medicines/medicinal plants in the tribal areas

Besides the problem of physical isolation and socio-economic backward-ness, tribals

suffer from certain illnesses/diseases reflecting their poor and fragile health status. The major

contributors to the increased disease burden amongst the tribals are – i) poverty and the

consequential problems of under nutrition and mal-nutrition; ii) poor environmental

sanitation, poor hygiene and lack of safe drinking water, leading to increased morbidity from

water and vector-borne infections; iii) lack of access to healthcare facilities resulting in

increased severity and / or duration of illness; iv) social barriers preventing utilization of

available health care services; v) vulnerability to specific diseases like G-6 PD deficiency,

Yaws, and other endemic diseases like malaria etc. The intensity and the magnitude of the

diseases prevailing in the tribal areas requires both constant and concentrated efforts to

mitigate the health problems of the tribals. Amongst others, promotion of indigenous

knowledge in terms of utilization of home remedies / medicines, herbs and medicinal plants

abundantly available will go a long way as an alternative and accessible / available system of

health. The importance of the indigenous knowledge of cure and use of medicinal plants are

of vital importance especially in the context when the modern medical infrastructure and

services either not available in the inaccessible and isolated tribal areas or not acceptable due

to lack of awareness of modern medicine system and or not affordable due to their economic

backwardness.

Health being the State subject, the primary responsibility in providing general health

care lies with the State. The Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy

(ISM&H), while promoting Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Siddha and other indigenous healing

systems accords importance to tribal health. Also, the Research Council through the various

units under Tribal Health Care Research Programme has been providing health care to tribal

people. The Central Government Institute for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CGRAS)

has a number of Tribal Health Care Research Projects located in the prominent places in

tribal areas viz., - Palamau, Jhabua, Jagdalpur, Carmco-bar, Imphal, Leh-Ladakh, Ziro,

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covering 478 tribal pockets with a population of 4.21 lakhs and imparted medical and to

about 3.15 lakh patients and recorded 600 tribal folk medicines. Similarly, Central

Government for Research in Homeopathy (CGRH) and National Institute of Naturopathy

(NIN) also takes up research activities with a special focus on tribal health.

i) Health Programmes in Tribal Areas: Although Health care of the tribals is extended

through the three-tier system of village Health Workers, ANMs and PHCs, yet in many parts

of the country there is no integration of ISM&H with the modern Allopathy system of

medicine. Only in the States of Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, etc. have made some

progress in integrating the indigenous system also. Further, non-availability of adequate staff

on a continuous basis in tribal areas is another reason for not being able to address optimally

to the tribal health needs. Thus, there is an immediate need for improvement or making

alternative arrangements to ensure an effective health care delivery mechanism in the tribal

areas. However, there are as many as 6 lakh ISM&H qualified practitioners and village health

workers, Services of these staff should be optimally utilized through upgradation of their

knowledge, suitable training modules and thus bring them into the main-stream of health care

delivery system.

The folklore remedies, which have lost prominence in the modern times but are found

most acceptable and effective could be identified on a region specific basis and further

validation could be undertaken by KMR, New Delhi, Research Councils of the Department of

ISM&H, State Tribal Research Institutes and Population Research Centre, etc. This would

help validating some of the more popular claims which can be further developed for use in

the locality and its acceptance by the tribals would be much better as it has roots in their own

culture. The Research Councils of ISM&H alone have recorded as many as 11,000 tribal

remedies (folk claims) which are used in different parts of the country. However, validation

of the folk claims will take a long time but efficacy of folk claims to treat some common

ailments is not in doubt.

ii) Utilisation of Indigenous / Traditional Medicines and Medicinal Plants : The rural and

tribal population which constitute nearly 80% of the total population, resides in the remote

villages / forest areas and largely depends upon the natural resources around them,

particularly the forests and minor forest produce. The tribals especially have their own way of

treatment which is being practiced through generations by the tribal practitioners since Vedic

period. Their way of treatment differs from place to place. Various herbs, plants and parts

them of are utilized by the tribal communities often closely linked with magico-religious rites

/ ritual in their healing system, to treat disease / ailment viz. fever, cough, wound healing,

urinary trouble, diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, snake bite and scorpion sting,

gynecological problems besides aphrodisiacs, birth-control measures etc. Which almost cover

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all types of diseases. On the whole, the tribal manage health care through the tribal

practitioners utilizing local medicinal plants. However, their system needs to be given

importance and also to be validated. They could be given training also, so that it can be

utilized in other parts of the rural population.

iii) Promotion and development of medicinal plants : As tribals form an integral part of

the eco system that they inhabit, they are functionally and inseparably arsonate with every

natural and man-made components of the environment. The bulk of medicinal plants for

preparation of drugs is collected from wild. However, the tribal collectors are not well versed

with the techniques of collecting them through sustainable harvesting and they also need

some training in identification. The over-exploitation and depletion of the medicinal plants

can be checked by insitu conservation, creating awareness and imparting knowledge among

tribals about cultivating medicinal plants. Short camps of 1-2 days can be arranged in the

tribal pockets, with a view to educate the tribals about the local medicinal herbs / trees, their

utility, method of collection, post harvesting and processing techniques through the use of

audiovisual aids.

The schemes of the Department of ISM&H for training tribals in collection,

cultivation, processing and preparation of products of medicinal plants can be expanded. The

Department of ISM&H can finance such activities, which could ensure an assured income to

the tribal and at the same time provide sustainable use of medicinal plants from the wild. It is

a known fact that the best possible use of medicinal plants available in the tribal areas has not

been made. The Medicinal Plants Board which has been set up recently is contemplating to

launch special schemes to conserve, cultivate and develop the medicinal plant sector in a

sustainable way. However, accurate information relating to demand and supply of the species

of medicinal plants that are in high demand has not been forthcoming inspite of best efforts.

The Committee on demand & supply under the Medicinal Plants Board is making efforts to

get this information on 72 species which are commonly used, have been identified by the subcommittee

convened by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (Ministry of

Agriculture) under the Horticulture Commissioner. This information will go a long way in

planning strategies for development of medicinal plants in the country. The information

already available in the ‘Task Force Report’ of the Planning Commission on ‘Conservation

and Sustainable use of the Medicinal Plants’ gives a list of plants which are in high demand

and which can be propagated for cultivation.

VI Role of NGOs in Tribal Development

Historically, NGOs have played a vital role in the advancement of the society

especially through their catalytic role in promoting socio-economic development of the

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socially disadvantaged groups like that of the tribals. Thus recognizing the credible

contribution of the NGOs in uplifting the weaker sections, they have all along been

encouraged to do their bit in the developmental process especially in view of their direct

involvement at the grass root level that which ensures effective community participation and

triggers attitudinal changes amongst the tribal people who are otherwise remained for too

long outside the development taking place in the mainstream society.

Upholding the guiding philosophy that the tribal development should go along with

the lines of his own genious and in tune with his cultural background, the State while exerting

itself for the welfare and development of tribals also supported NGOs to supplement their

catalytic role. Towards upholding the democratic spirit in planning and implementing various

welfare and development programmes, NGOs necessarily need to be involved to ensure

active, effective and purposeful participation of the tribal people. Promotion of voluntary

action with ensured assistance from the government can ensure all round development

especially amongst the primitive tribal groups and nomadic tribal groups who still remain

unreached so far as extending welfare and developmental efforts are concerned.

NGOs are best suited to undertake and promote welfare programmes on family and

community basis. Since the essential feature of voluntary action is problem / need-oriented, it

is the most appropriate mechanism for solving the problems or satisfying the needs of tribal

individuals, groups and communities. Voluntary workers and organizations are the best

sources for mobilizing resources – both human and material with best of human approach and

personal touch and intimate relationship. In tribal areas and communities, personal touch is

the key for harnessing the latent energies of the people for their own well-being. On the one

hand the Government needs to use the Voluntary organizations to penetrate the tribal

communities, remote and diverse as they are, and to stitch them together with the thread of

the governmental schemes into a beautiful mosaic in keeping with their respective traditional

backgrounds. On the other hand, the voluntary organizations will have to realize that they are

facilitators and their primary task is to promote voluntary/community action, besides locating

and developing the local leadership till it becomes capable of handing the community’s

affairs.

Nowadays, there exists a proliferating number of NGOs in the same geographical

areas reflecting duplication and overlapping of activities and often unhealthy competition.

This need to be rationalized and streamlined through defining areas / activities for NGOs with

a supporting system of monitoring and networking. To this effect, functional areas that need

to be attended by NGOs on promoting basis viz. – education, health, environment, economic

development, exploitation and activities, strengthening PRIs etc. There are some will

established NGOs who have credible experience and expertise in working tribal areas, they

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can be helpful in extending their expertise through extending proper training to other NGOs

working / extend to work in tribal areas.

Genuine, honest and sincere social workers who have identified themselves with the

host tribal community can be expected to maintain accounts truthfully but they cannot be

expected to doctor them to fit into the lower echelons of the audit machinery insist upon.

Rules have to be simplified and flexibility has to be built in to cater to the unconventional

needs of inaccessible and difficult tribal areas where welfare workers are located. Genuine

NGOs would need assistance in the field of administration and account keeping. Paper work

should be reduced to the irreducible minimum in order to keep the cut down the cost of

accounting / administration, which is considerable in the Government.

Over the years there is an unprecedented upsurge in the number of NGOs in the

country, which is uneven in its distribution. Many NGOs doing credible work with

genuine interest and commitment feel frustrated when they passively witness that the

stage taken over by new glamorous NGOs who lack commitment or interest in tribal

welfare or even sustained presence in tribal areas. Now since the PESA Act 1996 has

come into force the NGOs should necessarily be made accountable and certified by the

Gram Sabha or the Panchayats so that their credibility, commitment and effectiveness

is judged by the tribals at their own end at the grass-root institution level (Gram Sabha

/ PRIs) which has the legitimate power and authority to do so.

States/UTs

1981 1991 1981 1991

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1 Andhra Pradesh 66.51 3.18 4.20 6.3 0.19 0.29 6.9

2 Arunachal Pradesh 0.86 0.44 0.55 63.7 Nil Nil -

3 Assam 22.41 NA 2.87 12.8 Nil Nil -

4 Bihar 86.37 5.81 6.62 7.7 0.33 0.19 2.9

5 Goa 1.17 0.00 376* Neg. Nil Nil -

6 Gujarat 41.31 4.85 6.16 14.9 0.06 0.08 1.3

7 Haryana 16.46 Nil Nil - Nil Nil -

8 Himachal Pradesh 5.17 0.20 0.22 4.2 Nil Nil -

9 Jammu & Kashmir** 7.72 NA NA - Nil Nil -

10 Karnataka 44.98 1.83 1.92 4.3 0.04 0.04 2.1

11 Kerala 29.10 0.26 0.32 1.1 0.01 0.02 6.3

12 Madhya Pradesh 66.18 11.99 15.40 23.3 0.43 0.61 3.9

13 Maharashtra 78.94 5.77 7.32 9.3 0.36 NA 6.2

14 Manipur 1.84 0.39 0.63 34.4 0.01 NA 2.6

15 Meghalaya 1.77 1.08 1.52 85.5 Nil Nil -

16 Mizoram 0.69 0.46 0.65 94.8 Nil Nil -

17 Nagaland 1.21 0.65 1.06 87.7 Nil Nil -

18 Orissa 31.66 5.92 7.03 22.2 0.05 0.06 0.9

19 Punjab 20.28 Nil Nil - Nil Nil -

20 Rajasthan 44.01 4.18 5.48 12.4 0.04 NA 0.9

21 Sikkim 0.41 0.07 0.09 22.4 Nil Nil -

22 Tamil Nadu 55.86 0.46 0.57 1.0 0.15 0.03 5.3

23 Tripura 2.76 0.58 0.85 30.9 0.08 NA 13.8

24 Uttar Pradesh 139.11 0.23 0.29 0.2 0.03 0.04 13.8

25 West Bengal 68.08 3.07 3.81 5.6 829* NA 0.03

26 A & N Islands 0.28 0.02 0.03 9.5 624* 561* 2.1

27 Chandigarh 0.64 Nil Nil - Nil Nil -

28 Dadra & N. Haveli 0.14 0.08 0.11 78.9 Nil Nil -

29 Daman & Diu 0.10 0.01 0.01 11.5 Nil Nil -

30 Delhi 9.42 Nil Nil - Nil Nil -

31 Lakshadweep 0.05 0.04 0.05 93.2@ Nil Nil -

32 Pondicherry 0.81 Nil Nil - Nil Nil -

TOTAL 846.30 51.57 67.76 8.1 1.78 1.36 2.0

* : Actual Number NA : Not Available

** : Projected population

@ : Actual ST population is 48163 against total population of 51707

$ : Percentages given at Column 6 are based on the Census absolute figures and not

calculated on the basis of figures at Columns 3 & 5 which are given in millions.

Source: Census of India, 1991. Primary Census Abstract, Scheduled Tribe Population,

Office of the Gegistrar General, India, New Delhi, 1995.

Neg.: Negligible

ANNEXURE - V

STATE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF T HE POPULATION OF SCHEDULED TRIBES AND PRIMITIVE

TRIBAL GROUPS IN 1981 AND 1991

(Figures in Million)

Sl.

No.

Total

Population

(1991

Census)

Population of Scheduled

Tribes (STs)

% of STs

(1991)$

Population of Primitive Tribal

Groups (PTGs)

% to

Col.

4 or 5

ANNEXURE-VI

Likely Ach.

Outlay

Likely

Exp.

Outlay Actuals Outlay Actuals Outlay Actuals Outlay Actuals Outlay Likely Exp. (1997-98) (1998-99) (1999-2000) (2000-01) (2001-02)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

I. Central Sector Schemes (CS)

1 Grant-in-Aid to NGOs for STs 92.09 85.51 10.00 7.09 20.00 11.31 30.00 15.23 30.00 21.88 30.00 30.00 Projects 500 893 113 190 140 200 250

2 Vocational Training Centres in

Tribal Areas 30.25 26.45 3.75 3.45 6.75 4.71 9.75 3.75 12.00 2.54 12.00 12.00 Centres 175 235 38 72 33 32 60

3 Educational Complex in low

literacy packets 23.20 16.71 4.00 2.20 7.00 3.71 9.00 1.83 6.00 1.47 7.50 7.50 Complexes 100 90 0 59 20 11 -

4 Investment in TRIFED 29.25 30.25 23.00 23.00 10.00 6.00 0.25 0.25 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 - - - - - - -

5 Price support to TRIFED 13.00 15.97 2.00 1.00 6.00 4.00 5.00 2.97 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 - - - - - - -

6 Grants-in-Aid to STDCs for MFP 45.48 46.57 10.00 8.23 6.25 6.87 15.00 9.05 15.00 8.42 14.00 14.00 STDC 13 - - - - - -

7 Village Grain Banks 12.80 10.95 2.00 1.80 3.00 3.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 3.15 2.00 2.00

Tribal

Villages 1560 1234 250 23 156 492 313

8 Devepment of Primitive Tribal

Groups (PTGs) 22.00 38.28 0.00 5.00 4.94 10.00 6.63 14.00 10.71 16.00 16.00 Projects (NGOs) - - - - 10 - -

9 Rehabilitation of Tribal Villages of

protected areas 2.00

10 National ST Finance &

Devp. Corporation - 30.00 - - - - - - - - 30.00 30.00 - - - - - - -

11 Information & Mass Education - 1.50 - - - - - - - - 1.50 1.50 - - - - - - -

12 Organisation of Tribal Festivals - 0.50 - - - - - - - - 0.50 0.50 - - - - - - -

13 Exchange of visits by tribals - 0.50 - - - - - - - - 0.50 0.50 - - - - - - -

14 Special incentives to NGOs - 0.50 - - - - - - - - 0.50 0.50 - - - - - - -

performing exemplary tasks

15 G.I.A under Art.275(I) of Constitution 750.00 741.29 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 100.00 100.00 200.00 191.29 300.00 300.00 Res.Schools 100 - - - - - -

16 Special Central Asst. to TSP 2010.00 2009.61 330.00 329.61 380.00 380.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 500.00 500.00

Familes assisted

(in lakh) 55.00 53.78 9.86 11.88 9.98 11.06 11.00

Sub-Total (CS) 3030.07 3054.59 459.75 451.38 519.00 499.54 583.00 540.71 684.00 643.46 919.50 919.50

MINISTRY OF TRIBAL AFFAIRS

SCHEME-WISE PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE NINTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002)

Annual Plans Annual Plans

PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE

Likely

achievements

Achievements (1997-98) (1998-99) (1999-2000) (2000-2001) @

Sl. No

Schemes/Programmes

Targerts

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ( Rs.in crores)

Units (2001-02) @ (1997-2002)

Ninth Plan Ninth Plan(1997-2002)

Likely Ach.

Outlay

Likely

Exp.

Outlay Actuals Outlay Actuals Outlay Actuals Outlay Actuals Outlay Likely Exp. (1997-98) (1998-99) (1999-2000) (2000-01) (2001-02)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Annual Plans Annual Plans

PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE

Likely

achievements

Achievements (1997-98) (1998-99) (1999-2000) (2000-2001) @

Sl. No

Schemes/Programmes

Targerts

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ( Rs.in crores)

Units (2001-02) @ (1997-2002)

Ninth Plan Ninth Plan(1997-2002)

II. Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)

17 Post-Matric Scholarship for ST

students * 132.70 (16.35) (12.64) (16.35) (41.32) (62.75) (76.81) 70.00 63.10 69.60 69.60 No.of studetns 19.81 21.34 4.48 4.86 4.00 4.00 4.00

(230.25) (95.45) (in lakhs)

18 Girls Hostels for STs 36.77 30.73 4.00 3.77 8.00 7.69 12.00 3.93 13.00 2.34 13.00 13.00 Hostels 300 289 106 83 29 11 60

(No.of studetns) (12000) (10649) (1661) (3111) (1728) (574) (3575)

19 Boys Hostels for STs 36.53 32.12 4.00 3.53 8.00 8.30 12.00 6.98 12.00 2.51 10.80 10.80 Hostels 300 317 103 62 77 15 60/

(No.of studetns) (12000) (13958) (2677) (3361) (4070) (670) (3180)

20 Ashram Schools in TSP areas 44.86 33.57 5.00 4.86 9.00 9.39 15.00 5.32 15.00 0.00 14.00 14.00 Res.hostels 250 294 101 97 36 0 60

(No.of studetns) - (14310) (1270) (3400) (3640) - (6000)

21 Coaching and Allied Scheme * 1.40 * * * * * * 1.50 0.00 1.40 1.40

22 Book Bank Scheme for ST * 0.90 * * * * * * 1.00 0.00 0.90 0.90

23 Upgradation of merit of ST * 0.40 * * * * * * 0.50 0.00 0.40 0.40 No.of studetns - - - - - - -

students

24 Research and Training for STs 25.90 17.62 6.25 2.87 7.00 3.92 8.00 1.78 8.00 1.25 7.80 7.80 Res. Fellowship 125 118 25 24 23 23 23

Res. Projects 150 93 9 46 38 - -

25 G.I.A. to Scheduled Tribes

Devp. & Finance Corporation * 7.01 * * * * * 2.00 5.00 2.41 2.60 2.60 - - - - - - -

Sub-Total (CSS) 144.06 256.45 19.25 15.03 32.00 29.30 47.00 20.01 126.00 71.61 120.50 120.50

Grand Total of M/TA 3174.13 3311.04 479.00 466.41 551.00 528.84 630.00 560.72 810.00 715.07 1040.00 1040.00

@ Includes the provisions for NER.

( ) Figures in parenthesis indicate outlays and actuals under PMS for STs when it was combined for SC/ST under the M/SJ& E upto 1999-2000

Source: Ministry of Tribal Affairs & Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment

* Outlays and expenditure under these schemes were common for SCs & STs upto the Annual Plan 1999-2000 under the M/SJ & E.

ANNEXURE-VII

(Rs. in crores)

Total Flow %age Total Flow %age Total Flow % age Total Flow % age Total Flow % age Total Flow % age @

Outlay to to Outlay to to Outlay to to Outlay to to Outlay to to Outlay to to

TSP Col.3 TSP Col.6 TSP Col.9 TSP Col.12 TSP Col.15 TSP Col.15

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)

1 M/o Agriculture 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4 1011.4

2 D/o Drinking Water 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3 9896.3

3 D/o Biotechnology NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

4 D/o Food & Civil Supplies " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

5 M/o Environment 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5 610.5

& Forest

6 M/o Non-Conventional " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Energy Sources

7 M/o Rural Areas & 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0 4827.0

Employment

8 M/o SSI & ARI " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

9 M/o Labour 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0 293.0

10 M/o Health and F.Welfare 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6 932.6

11 D/o ISM & Homeopathy " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

12 D/o Education 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2 4095.2

13 M/o Youth Affairs 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0 9687.0

& Sports

14 D/o Culture " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

15 M/o Sc.& Technology 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0 346.0

16 D/o Electornics 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0 418.0

17 M/o Commerce N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

18 M/o Textiles 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0

19 M/o Power " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

(Kutir Jyoti Scheme)

20 D/o Steel " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

21 M/o Coal " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

22 M/o Infor.& Broadcasting 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5 707.5

23 D/o Telecommunications " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

24 D/o Posts " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

25 M/o Social Justice & " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Empowerment

Total 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4 32894.4

* Likely financial achievement during Ninth Plan

@ percentage indicate for the years where both total outlay and TSP flow are given.

Source: Ministry of Tribal

Affairs

1/1

(2001-02) (1997-2002)

FLOW OF FUNDS TO TRIBAL SUB PLAN (TSP) FROM THE CENTRAL MINISTRIES/DEPARTMENTS DURING THE NINTH PLAN (1997-2002)

S. No. Ministry/Deptts. Ninth Plans

(1997-98) (1998-99) (1999-2000) (2000-01)

Total *

ANNEXURE-VIII

( Rs. in crores)

*

Sl.NO States/U.Ts State Flow % age State Flow % age State Flow % age State Flow % age State Flow % age Flow % age

Plan to to Plan to to Plan to to Plan to to Plan to to to to

Outlay TSP Col.4 Outlay TSP Col.7 Outlay TSP Col.10 Outlay TSP Col.13 Outlay TSP Col.16 TSP Col.19

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21)

1. Andhra Pradesh 6.3 3533.0 191.9 5.4 4678.9 158.1 3.4 5479.5 152.6 2.8 - NA - - NA - 13691.44 502.6 3.7

2. Assam 12.8 1193.0 132.7 11.1 1128.7 108.7 9.6 1306.2 126.4 9.7 1210.3 136.5 11.3 1210.3 136.5 11.3 6048.6 640.7 10.6

3. Bihar 7.7 - NA - 2348.4 726.8 30.9 3630.0 1044.5 28.8 - NA - - NA - 5978.4 1771.3 29.6

4 Chhattisgarh

5 Gujarat 14.9 4500.0 489.1 10.9 5450.0 666.7 12.2 6550.0 853.1 13.0 7800.0 916.5 11.8 7800.0 916.5 11.8 32100.0 3841.9 12.0

6 Himachal Pradesh 4.2 1008.0 90.7 9.0 1440.0 122.7 8.5 1600.0 135.0 8.4 1720.0 146.1 8.5 1720.0 146.1 8.5 7488.0 640.6 8.6

7 Jammu & Kashmir 11.0 1550.0 231.1 14.9 - NA - 522.3 56.9 10.9 - NA - - NA - 2072.3 288.1 13.9

8 Jharkhand

9 Karnataka 4.3 4545.0 85.0 1.9 5353.0 76.2 1.4 5888.0 88.3 1.5 7274.0 89.9 1.2 7274.0 89.9 1.2 30334.0 429.3 1.4

10 Kerala 1.1 2855.0 19.4 0.7 3100.0 61.2 2.0 3250.0 60.1 1.9 - NA - - NA - 9205.0 140.7 1.5

11 Madhya Pradesh 23.3 3657.2 622.2 17.0 3700.0 634.3 17.1 4000.1 847.3 21.2 2490.0 631.2 25.4 2490.0 631.2 25.4 16337.3 3366.3 20.6

12 Maharashtra 9.3 5836.2 550.0 9.4 11600.7 561.0 4.8 6641.8 580.6 8.7 5798.0 525.0 9.1 5798.0 525.0 9.1 35674.8 2741.6 7.7

13 Manipur 34.4 410.0 160.8 37.7 - NA - - NA - 682.0 257.5 37.8 682.0 257.5 37.8 1363.9 515.1 37.8

14 Orissa 22.2 2684.0 576.6 21.5 2071.2 643.9 31.1 2488.9 627.9 25.2 2906.7 818.0 28.1 2906.7 818.0 28.1 13057.5 3484.4 26.7

15 Rajasthan 12.4 3504.1 390.2 11.1 3800.0 384.6 10.1 5022.3 427.3 8.5 4219.8 133.9 3.2 4219.8 133.9 3.2 20766.0 1469.8 7.1

16 Sikkim 22.4 51.6 11.6 22.4 193.6 17.2 8.9 90.8 25.0 27.5 133.9 31.2 23.3 133.9 31.2 23.3 603.7 116.3 19.3

17 Tamil Nadu 1.0 4000.0 42.5 1.1 4500.0 46.2 1.0 5251.1 58.5 1.1 5700.3 58.6 1.0 5700.3 58.6 1.0 25151.7 264.4 1.1

18 Tripura 31.0 437.0 125.9 29.1 440.0 120.5 31.8 - NA - 355.5 172.9 48.6 355.5 172.9 48.6 1588.0 592.2 37.3

19 Uttaranchal

20 Uttar Pradesh 0.2 7080.0 32.0 0.5 10261.0 49.1 0.5 11400.0 42.5 0.4 9025.0 46.8 0.5 9025.0 46.8 0.5 46791.0 217.1 0.5

21 West Bengal 5.6 3922.3 102.8 2.6 4594.9 79.9 1.7 5787.3 424.2 7.3 5977.6 138.1 2.3 5977.6 138.1 2.3 26259.6 883.2 3.4

22 A&N Islands 9.5 255.0 25.5 10.1 320.0 41.2 12.9 400.0 62.5 15.6 410.0 54.7 13.3 410.0 54.7 13.3 1795.0 238.7 13.3

23 Daman & Diu 11.5 59.6 2.7 4.6 33.4 1.4 4.2 34.1 2.7 8.0 34.1 1.2 3.6 34.1 1.2 3.6 195.1 9.3 4.8

Total 8.1 51081.0 3882.6 7.6 65013.8 4499.6 6.9 69342.2 5615.3 8.1 55737.1 4158.3 7.5 55737.1 4158.3 7.5 296911.2 22314.2 7.5

* Tentative figures for 2001-02 @ Likely financial achievement during Ninth Plan Note: TSP is not applicable in other States/UTs.

Soure: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

F I G U R E S A R E N O T A V A I L A B L E

EARMARKING OF FUNDS UNDER TSP STATES/UTs DURING THE NINTH FIVE YEAR PLAN(1997-2002)

1997-98 1998-99

State

Plan

Outlay

% of

STs

(1991

Censu

s)

Ninth Plan Total @

1999-2000 2000-01 (2001-02) (1997-2002)

F I G U R E S A R E N O T A V A I L A B L E

F I G U R E S A R E N O T A V A I L A B L E

ANNEXURE-IX

(Rs. In crore)

States/U.Ts Total

(1997-98) (1998-99) (1999-2000) (2000-01) (2001-02) (1997-2002)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1. Andhra Pradesh 25.82 27.28 21.82 21.83 27.33 124.08

2. Assam 14.60 20.70 24.43 24.44 30.59 114.76

3. Bihar 0.00 0.00 47.79 17.11 5.57 70.47

4 Chhattisgarh - - - 36.95 46.26 83.21

5 Gujarat 26.33 36.90 31.40 31.40 39.31 165.34

6 Himachal Pradesh 5.22 6.89 5.14 5.14 6.44 28.83

7 Jammu & Kashmir 5.22 7.39 7.76 7.76 9.72 37.85

8 Jharkhand - - - 34.23 58.70 92.93

9 Karnataka 5.00 6.87 6.16 6.16 7.71 31.90

10 Kerala 1.96 4.08 2.19 2.19 2.74 13.16

11 Madhya Pradesh 92.08 94.76 97.97 62.57 78.33 425.71

12 Maharashtra 34.01 35.32 29.74 29.75 37.24 166.06

13 Manipur 9.50 7.79 6.07 6.09 7.62 37.07

14 Orissa 55.76 59.12 58.06 51.88 64.95 289.77

15 Rajasthan 23.41 34.76 29.15 29.15 36.50 152.97

16 Sikkim 0.60 0.60 0.86 0.86 1.08 4.00

17 Tamil Nadu 2.44 2.96 2.58 2.58 3.23 13.79

18 Tripura 8.85 9.78 8.32 8.32 10.41 45.68

19 Uttaranchal - - - 0.58 0.93 1.51

20 Uttar Pradesh 1.13 0.58 0.99 0.42 0.32 3.44

21 West Bengal 16.00 22.22 16.58 17.59 22.03 94.42

23 A&N Islands 1.18 1.34 2.55 2.34 2.00 9.41

24 Daman & Diu 0.51 0.66 0.44 0.66 0.99 3.26

TOTAL 329.61 380.00 400.00 400.00 500.00 2009.61

Source: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

1/1

Ninth Plan

Sl.No.

SPECIAL CENTRAL ASSISTANCE(SCA) TO TRIBAL SUB-PLAN RELEASED TO

STATES/UTs DURING NINTH PLAN (1997-2002)

ANNEXURE-X

(Rs. in crores)

Total

State/U.Ts (1997-98) (1998-99) (1999-2000)(2000-01) (2001-02) (1997-02)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1 Andhra Pradesh 4.54 6.07 6.14 4.61 15.35 36.70

2 Arunachal Pradesh 1.20 0.60 0.80 3.77 2.00 8.37

3 Assam 3.05 2.10 4.20 4.43 10.50 24.29

4 Bihar 6.42 4.84 9.67 0.00 2.09 23.02

5 Chhattisgarh - - - 15.30 20.89 36.19

6 Gujarat 6.25 4.50 9.01 22.50 22.50 64.76

7 Himachal Pradesh 1.08 0.16 0.32 1.00 0.80 3.35

8 Jammu & Kashmir 1.32 0.64 1.24 1.91 3.18 8.27

9 Jharkhand - - - 13.20 22.08 35.28

10 Karnataka 2.70 1.40 2.80 4.20 7.00 18.10

11 Kerala 1.12 1.24 0.47 0.00 1.18 4.00

12 Madhya Pradesh 12.63 21.25 22.51 20.58 35.36 112.33

13 Maharashtra 6.67 5.35 10.70 16.04 26.73 65.48

14 Manipur 1.23 0.69 0.92 6.50 2.30 11.64

15 Meghalaya 2.56 1.67 2.22 4.77 5.55 16.76

16 Mizoram 1.24 1.08 0.96 0.72 2.40 6.39

17 Nagaland 1.39 3.16 1.55 9.50 3.88 19.48

18 Orissa 6.57 5.14 10.28 29.57 25.70 77.26

19 Rajasthan 6.00 7.00 8.00 17.00 20.00 58.00

20 Sikkim 1.03 0.10 0.13 3.28 0.33 4.87

21 Tamil Nadu 1.21 0.42 0.84 0.63 2.10 5.20

22 Tripura 2.31 1.63 1.25 2.88 3.13 11.18

24 Uttaranchal - - - 0.47 0.78 1.25

23 Uttar Pradesh 1.11 0.21 0.42 0.10 0.27 2.10

25 West Bengal 3.39 5.79 5.57 8.36 13.93 37.03

100 Modern Res.Schools - - - - 50.00 50.00

TOTAL 75.00 75.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 750.00

Source: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

1/1

S.

No.

Ninth Plan

RELEASE OF GRANTS-IN-AID UNDER ART.275(1) OF THE CONSTITUTION TO

STATES/UTs DURING NINTH PLAN(1997-2002)

No. of Cases Area No. of Cases Area

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 Andhra Pradesh 66338 279419 26551 106315

2 Assam 2023 5174 1609 448

3 Bihar 86291 104893 44649 47034

4 Gujarat 38213 116629 31685 100492

5 Himachal Pradesh

6 Karnataka 42582 130373 22040 69465

7 Madhya Pradesh 53806 158398 1707 48398

8 Maharashtra 45634 NA 20906 105628

9 Orissa 102186 95015 43187 53245

10 Rajasthan 593 3446 213 364

11 Tripura 27623 24243 7684 6221

Total 465289 917590 200231 537610

Source: Annual Report 1998-99. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India

NA: Not Available

1/1

STATE-WISE TRIBAL LAND ALIENATION AND RESTORATION

(AS ON JANUARY, 1999)

ANNEXURE - XI

Negligible

(Area in Acres)

Area Alienated Area Restored

States/UTs Sl. No.

ANNEXURE-XII

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1 Dams 164.0 41.0 25.0 63.2 15.8 25.0 38.5 38.6

2 Mines 25.5 6.5 25.5 13.3 3.3 24.8 52.2 50.8

3 Industries 12.5 3.8 30.0 3.1 0.8 25.6 25.0 21.3

4 Wild-Life 6.0 1.3 20.8 4.5 1.0 22.2 75.0 80.0

5 Others 5.0 1.5 30.0 1.3 0.3 20.0 25.0 16.7

Total 213.0 54.0 25.4 85.4 21.2 24.8 40.1 39.3

1/1

Type

of

Projects

Resettled

% Col. 6

over Col.5

% Col. 3

over Col.2

Resettled Displaced Displaced

ESTIMATE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS AND TRIBALS DISPLACED AND

RESETTLED BY VARIOUS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN INDIA DURING 1951-1990

Sl. No.

Total Tribal % Tribal to the Total

Displaced

(Col.5 over 2)

Resettled

(Col.6 over 3)

Source: Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India

(Number in Lakhs)

ANNEXURE - XIII

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 Andhra Pradesh 36,289 27,333 75.3

2 Bihar 12,986 11,843 91.2

3 Gujarat 64 64 100.0

4 Haryana 544 21 3.9

5 Karnataka 62,708 54,960 87.6

6 Kerala 838 710 84.7

7 Madhya Pradesh 12,804 11,897 92.9

8 Maharashtra 1,382 1,300 94.1

9 Orissa 49,971 46,800 93.7

10 Rajasthan 7,478 5,953 79.6

11 Tamil Nadu 38,886 38,054 97.9

12 Uttar Pradesh 27,489 27,469 99.9

TOTAL 251,439* 226,404 90.0

* : Of the total Bonded Labourers reported, STs are estimated to be 25 %.

Source: Report of the Working Group for the Welfare and Development of STs during

the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)

1/1

STATE-WISE POSITION OF BONDED LABOURERS (AS ON MARCH, 1993)

Sl. No. States

Identified/

Released

Rehabilitated % of Col. 3

S.N States/UTs Name of Tribe

1961 1971 1981 1991*

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1. Andhra Pradesh 12 1. Chenchu 17609 24178 28434 30680

Gadaba

2. Bodo Gadaba

3. Gutob Gadaba

Khond

4. Dongria Khond

5. Kuttia Khond

6. Kolam 16731 26498 21842 39457

7. Konda Reddi 35439 42777 54685 64841

8. Kondasavara - 28189 - 35309

Porja

9. Bondo Porja

10. Khond Porja

11. Parengiperja

12. Thoti 546 1785 1416 1696

Total 123269 195264 189996 291040

2. Bihar 9 13. Asur 5819 7026 7783 8345

14. Birhor 2438 3464 4377 7671

15. Birjia 4029 3628 4057 4106

16. Hill Kharia 108983 127002 141771 83591

17. Korwa 21162 18717 21940 20221

18. Mal Paharia 45423 48636 79322 14078

19. Parhaiya 12268 14651 24012 6765

20. Sauria Paharia 55606 59047 39269 7767

21. Savar 1561 3548 3014 36450

Total 257289 285719 325545 188994

3. Gujarat 5 22. Kolgha - 29464 25030 33096

23. Kathodi - 2939 3665 4285

24. Kotwalia - 12902 16130 18835

25. Padhar - 4758 12731 13446

26. Siddi - 4482 5600 6896

Total 54545 63156 76558

4. Karnataka 2 27. Jenu Kuruba 3623 6656 29092 26608

28. Koraga 6382 7620 12041 16422

Total 10005 14276 41133 43030

*Estimate of the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment

$ - Since the formation of 3 New States namely Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttranchal wherein PTGs

are also distributed the number of States is now increased from 15 to 18

21840 25108 35182 27732

9350 12347 16479

63154

20721

34382

Population in

(Figures in Actual)

21754

ANNEXURE- XIV

39408

STATE-WISE LIST OF PRIMITIVE TRIBAL GROUPS (PTGs) AND THEIR POPULATION IN 1961,

1971, 1981 AND 1991 (Estimate)$

No.of

Tribes

1

S.NStates/UTs Name of Tribe

1961 1971 1981 1991*

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

5. Kerala 5 29. Cholanaikayan - 306 234 360

30. Kadar - 1120 1503 1521

31. Kattunayakan - 5565 8803 11001

32. Koraga - 1200 1098 1300

33. Kurumba - 1319 1283 1267

Total 9510 12921 15449

6. Madhya Pradesh 7 34. Abujh Maria 11115 13000 15500 17016

35. Baiga - 6194 120387 134357

36. Bharia - 1589 1614 2012

37. Birhor 513 738 561 925

38. Hill Korwa 23606 67000 19041 27109

39. Kamar - 13600 13500 13110

40. Sahariya 174320 207174 260816 417171

Total 209554 309295 431419 611700

7. Maharashtra 3 41. Katkari/Kathodi - 146785 174602 -

42. Kolam - 56061 118073 -

43. Maria Gond - 53400 66750 -

Total 256246 359425 -

8. Manipur 1 44. Maram Naga - 5123 14524 -

9. Orissa 13 45. Chuktia Bhunjia - - - 1579

46. Birhor - 248 142 -

47. Bondo - 3870 4431 5050

48. Didayi - 3055 3654 5990

49. Dongria-Khond - 2676 6067 7666

50. Juang - 3181 2834 5774

51. Kharia - 1259 1259 1438

52. Kutia Khond - 3016 4735 6479

53. Lanjia Saura - 4223 8421 10644

54. Lodha - 1598 1598 2052

55. Mankirdia - 133 133 130

56. Paudi Bhuyan - 4424 8872 10926

57. Saura - 2845 2917 3420

Total 30528 45063 61148

10. Rajasthan 1 58. Seharia 23125 26796 39808 -

*Estimate of the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment

No.of

Tribes

Population in

2

S.NStates/UTs Name of Tribe

1961 1971 1981 1991*

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

11. Tamil Nadu 6 59. Irular 79835 89025 4354

60. Kattunayakan 6459 5042 363883 -

61. Kota 833 1188 604 -

62. Kurumba 1174 2754 105757 -

63. Paniyan 4779 6093 6393 -

64. Toda 714 930 875 -

Total 93794 105032 481866 30000

12. Tripura 1 65. Riang 56597 64722 84004 -

13. Uttar Pradesh 2 66. Buksa - - 34198 42027

67. Raji - - 371 494

Total 34569 42521

14. West Bengal 3 68. Birhor - - 154 -

69. Lodha - 45906 - -

70. Toto - - 675 -

Total 45906 829

15. A & N Islands 5 71. Great Andamanese - - 28 28

72. Jarawa - - 200 200

73. Onge - - 102 98

74. Sentinelese - - 80 100

75. Shom Pen 71 212 214 135

Total 71 212 214 561

All India 75 Grand Total 773704 1403174 2124472 1361001

* Estimate of the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment

Note: The figures given for Madhya Pradesh in 1991 is as per Survey

conducted in 1992-93

Source : 1) Census of India, 1961, 1971 & 1981

2) Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment and Ministry of Tribal Affairs.

No.of

Tribes

Population in

3