References

References

1. ^ Dowd, Douglas Fitzgerald. U.S. Capitalist Development Since 1776: Of, By, and for which People? M.E. Sharpe, 1993. p. 162
   
2. ^ "New Deal," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2008
   
3. ^ Jonathan Alter, The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope, esp. ch 31. (2007)
   
4. ^ Hopkins, Eric. Industrialization and Society: A Social History, 1830-1951. Routledge, 2000. p. 197
   
5. ^ "New Deal," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2008
   
6. ^ based on data in Susan Carter, ed. Historical Statistics of the US: Millennial Edition (2006) series Ca9
   
7. ^ The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought, William Outhwaite, 2003, Blackwell Publishing
   
8. ^ Kennedy, David M (1999). Freedom From Fear: The American people in Depression and War, 1929 - 1945. Oxford University Press. pp. p. 364. ISBN 0-19-503834-7. 
   
9. ^ The Roosevelt Week, Time magazine, July 11, 1932
   
10. ^ Leuchtenburg pp 33-35
    
11. ^ It was "all but destroyed" says Leuchtenburg p. 188
    
12. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 34
    
13. ^ ^{a b} Leuchtenburg p. 58
    
14. ^ Ralph Allen, Ordeal by Fire: Canada, 1910-1945, (1961) ch 37.
    
15. ^ "HISTORY, ECONOMIC - Labour Policy - 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/H/HistoryEconomic/LabourPolicy/en. Retrieved on 2008-10-11. 
    
16. ^ "Bottom - Printout - TIME". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,745289,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-11. 
    
17. ^ Meltzer, Allan H. (2004), A History of the Federal Reserve: 1913-1951, pp. 442–446 
    
18. ^ Mitchell p 404.
    
19. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 45-46; Robert Paul Browder and Thomas G. Smith, Independent: A Biography of Lewis W. Douglas (1986)
    
20. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 171; Raymond Moley, The First New Deal (1966)
    
21. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 171, 245-6; Herbert Stein, Presidential economics: The making of economic policy from Roosevelt to Reagan and beyond (1984)
    
22. ^ Heinemann, Ronald L. Depression and New Deal in Virginia. University of Virginia Press, 1983. p. 107
    
23. ^ Badger, New Deal pp 89. 153-57.
    
24. ^ ^{a b} Cushman, Barry (1998). Rethinking the New Deal Court. Oxford University Press. p. 34
    
25. ^ Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal pp 46-47
    
26. ^ Leuchtenburg pp, 157-8
    
27. ^ Deward Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (1980)
    
28. ^ Robert J. Samuelson, The Great Depression. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.
    
29. ^ Bernard Bellush, The Failure of the NRA, (1976)
    
30. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 33-37
    
31. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 53-58
    
32. ^ Parker; Bellush (1976)
    
33. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 70, 133-34; Jason Scott Smith, Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933-1956 (2005)
    
34. ^ Robert J. Samuelson, The Great Depression. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.
    
35. ^ ^{a b} Reed, Lawrence W. Great Myths of the Great Depression Mackinac Center for Public Policy.
    
36. ^ Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr. The Coming of the New Deal, Houghton Mifflin Books (2003), p. 115
    
37. ^ "When the Supreme Court Stopped Economic Fascism in America". By Richard Ebeling, president of Foundation for Economic Education. Oct. 2005.
    
38. ^ Qrthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr. The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936, the Age of Roosevelt, Volume III, Houghton Mifflin Books, page 284
    
39. ^ Data was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract and converted into SVG format by me. The numbers come from this U.S. Census document, page 17, column 127. Note that the graph only covers factory employment.
    
40. ^ Sitkoff, ed. Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated (1984)
    
41. ^ The Handbook of Texas Online: Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935^{[dead link]}
    
42. ^ ^{a b} Sitkoff (2008)
    
43. ^ Sitkoff (2008); Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (1983)
    
44. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 242-3
    
45. ^ ^{a b c d e} Kennedy p 352
    
46. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 244-46
    
47. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 256-7
    
48. ^ Leuchtenburg p. 272-74
    
49. ^ Unemployment in fact fell by half, from 22% in 1932 to 11% in 1939. Gene Smiley, "Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s," The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Jun., 1983), pp. 487-493, esp. p 488
    
50. ^ GNP was $99.7 billion in 1940 and $210.1 billion in 1944.Historical Statistics (1976) series F1.
    
51. ^ Cato Institute petition
    
52. ^ Romer, Christina D., "What Ended the Great Depression", Journal of Economic History, December 1992, vol 52, num 4, pages 757-784
    
53. ^ Robert Higgs (1987)
    
54. ^ Sitkoff (1984)
    
55. ^ Paul K. Conkin
    
56. ^ Liberty Fund - About, retrieved 17 Mar 2009[1]
    
57. ^ Robert J. Samuelson, The Great Depression. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.
    
58. ^ "EH.R: FORUM: The Great Depression". Eh.net. http://eh.net/lists/archives/eh.res/feb-1997/0010.php. Retrieved on 2008-10-11. 
    
59. ^ ^{a b} Cole, Harold L and Ohanian, Lee E. New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis, 2004.
    
60. ^ FDR's Policies Prolonged Depression by 7 Years, UCLA Economists Calculate, ucla.edu, 8/10/2004
    
61. ^ Gallaway, Lowell E. and Vedder, Richard K. Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America, New York University Press; Updated edition (July 1997).
    
62. ^ Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, Public Opinion, 1935-1946 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), pp. 61-64. Polls from 1937-1938 have not been included here because of ambiguities introduced by the recession-within-the-Depression then.
    
63. ^ Quote from Mary Beth Norton, et al. A People and a Nation: A History of the United States (1994), 2:783. See also Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. The Coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935 (1958) p. ix; Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks, "How FDR Saved Capitalism," in It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States (2001); Eric Rauchway, The Great Depression and the New Deal (2007), p. 86, 93-7; Cass R. Sunstein, The Second Bill of Rights: FDR's Unfinished Revolution, (2006) pp 129-30; C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (1959) 272-74; David Edwin Harrell, Jr. et al. Unto a Good Land: A History of the American People‎ (2005) p. 921; William Leuchtenburg, The White House Looks South (2005) p. 121; Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929-1941 (1993) p. 168; Alan Brinkley, Liberalism and Its Discontents (1998) p. 66.
    
64. ^ W. Elliot Brownlee, Federal Taxation in America: A Short History (2004) p, 103
    
65. ^ Freidel 1990, p. 96
    
66. ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1946. p. 321.
    
67. ^ Zelizer
    
68. ^ Zelizer 2000; Savage 1998
    
69. ^ For a list of relevant works, see the list of suggested readings appearing toward the bottom of the article.
    
70. ^ Ellen Schrecker, The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History With Documents (2002); Sam Tanenhaus. Whittaker Chambers: A Biography (1997)
    
71. ^ Leuchtenburg (1963) 281-3; Irving Howe, Lewis A. Coser, and Julius Jacobson, The American Communist Party: a critical history, 1919-1957 (1957); James R. Barrett, William Z. Foster and the Tragedy of American Radicalism (2002).
    
72. ^ John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett. The Myth of the American Superhero (2002), Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing, page 132
    
73. ^ Ronald Edsforth, The New Deal: American's Response to the Great Depression (2000), p. 145
    
74. ^ ^{a b} Kennedy 1999, p 246.
    
75. ^ Stanley Payne, History of Fascism (1995) p 230.
    
76. ^ Goldberg, Jonah. Liberal Fascism. Random House, Inc., 2008. p. 156
    
77. ^ Hugh S. Johnson, The Blue Eagle, from Egg to Earth (1935), p 223
    
78. ^ The Editors of The Economist (1937). The New Deal, An analysis and Appraisal. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 147. 
    
79. ^ The Editors of The Economist (1937). The New Deal, An analysis and Appraisal. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 148-9. 
    
80. ^ Mathews 1975
    
81. ^ William E. Leuchtenbrg. The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and his Legacy(New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 243.
    
82. ^ M.J.Heale. Franklin. D. Roosevelt: The New Deal and War (London, 1999)36
    
83. ^ John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, David Brody. The New Deal: The National Level (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1975)310.
    
84. ^ John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, David Brody. The New Deal: The National Level (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1975)312.
    
85. ^ John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, David Brody. The New Deal: The National Level (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1975)314.
    
86. ^ M.J.Heale. Franklin. D. Roosevelt: The New Deal and War (London, 1999)36
    
87. ^ Cara A. Finnegan. Picturing Poverty: Print Culture and FSA Photographs (Smithsonian Books, 2003) pp 43-44
    
88. ^ Szalay 2000
    
89. ^ Mitchell, p. 404.
    
90. ^ Industrial Production Index
    
91. ^ Historical Statistics of the United States (1976) series F31
    
92. ^ Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics (OECD 2003); Japan is close, see p 174
    
93. ^ U.S. Dept of Commerce, National Income and Product Accounts Real GDP and GNP; Mitchell 446, 449, 451; Consumer Price Index AND M2 Money Supply: 1800-2003
    
94. ^ Smiley, Gene, "Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s," Journal of Economic History, June 1983, 43, 487-93.

• Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951 (1951) full of useful data; online
  
• Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (1976)
  
• Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935-1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls
  
• Carter, Susan B. et al. eds. The Historical Statistics of the United States (6 vol: Cambridge UP, 2006); huge compilation of statistical data; online at some universities
  
• Gallup, George Horace, ed. The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935-1971 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll.
  
• Lowitt, Richard and Beardsley Maurice, eds. One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression (1981)
  
• Moley, Raymond. After Seven Years (1939), conservative memoir by ex-Brain Truster
  
• Nixon, Edgar B. ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs (3 vol 1969), covers 1933-37. 2nd series 1937-39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries.
  
• Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Rosenman, Samuel Irving, ed. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (13 vol, 1938, 1945); public material only (no letters); covers 1928-1945.
  
• Documentary History of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration^{[dead link]} 20 vol. available in some large academic libraries.
  
• Zinn, Howard, ed. New Deal Thought (1966), a compilation of primary sources.
  
• Manchester, William (1975). The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972. Joseph. ISBN 0718113861. 
  
• California's Living New Deal Project, a comprehensive and continually updated database of the lasting effects of projects generated by the New Deal in California. Developed by the California Historical Society in partnership with U.C. Berkeley's Institute for Research in Labor and Employment Library and the California Studies Center.

[edit] Further reading

• Allswang, John. The New Deal and American Politics (1978), voting analysis
  
• Alter, Jonathan. The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope (2006), popular account
  
• Badger, Anthony J. The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933-1940. (2002) general survey from British perspective
  
• Beasley, Maurine H., Holly C. Shulman, Henry R. Beasley. The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (2001)
  
• Bernstein, Barton J. "The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform." In Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History, pp. 263–88. (1968), an influential New Left attack on the New Deal.
  
• Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (1970), cover labor unions
  
• Best, Gary Dean. The Critical Press and the New Deal: The Press Versus Presidential Power, 1933-1938 (1993) ISBN 027594350X
  
• Best, Gary Dean. Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933-1938. (1990) ISBN 0275935248
  
• Best, Gary Dean. Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years (2002) ISBN 0275946568
  
• Blumberg Barbara. The New Deal and the Unemployed: The View from New York City (1977).
  
• Bremer William W. "Along the American Way: The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed." Journal of American History 62 (December 1975): 636-652. online at JSTOR in most academic libraries
  
• Brock William R. Welfare, Democracy and the New Deal (1988), a British view
  
• Brinkley, Alan. The End Of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. (1995) what happened after 1937
  
• Burns, Helen M. The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms, 1933-1935 (1974)
  
• Chafe, William H. ed. The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and its Legacies (2003)
  
• Charles, Searle F. Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression (1963)
  
• Cobb, James and Michael Namaroto, eds. The New Deal and the South (1984).
  
• Cohen, Adam, Nothing to Fear: FDR's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days that Created Modern America (2009)
  
• Conkin, Paul K. The New Deal. (1967), a brief New Left critique.
  
• Dubofsky, Melvyn, ed. The New Deal: Conflicting Interpretations and Shifting Perspectives. (1992), reader
  
• Eden, Robert, ed. New Deal and Its Legacy: Critique and Reappraisal (1989), essays by scholars
  
• Ekirch Jr., Arthur A. Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought (1971)
  
• Fraser, Steve and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, (1989), essays focused on the long-term results.
  
• Garraty, John A. "The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression," American Historical Review, 78, 4 (1973), pp. 907–44. in JSTOR
  
• Goldman, Eric F. Rendezvous with Destiny: A History of Modern American Reform. New York : Alfred A. Knopf (1952) ISBN 1566633699
  
• Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920-1935 (1994)
  
• Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times. (1985). An encyclopedic reference.
  
• Grant, Michael Johnston. Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929-1945 (2002)
  
• Hawley, Ellis W. The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (1966)
  
• Higgs, Robert. Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (1987), libertarian critique
  
• Howard, Donald S. The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943)
  
• Ingalls, Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York's Little New Deal (1975)
  
• Jensen, Richard J. "The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989) 553-83. online at JSTOR
  
• Kennedy, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945. (1999), survey
  
• Kirkendall, Richard S. "The New Deal As Watershed: The Recent Literature," The Journal of American History, Vol. 54, No. 4. (Mar., 1968), pp. 839–852. in JSTOR, historiography
  
• Ladd, Everett Carll and Charles D. Hadley. Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s (1975), voting behavior
  
• Leff, Mark H. The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation (1984)
  
• Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940. (1963). A standard interpretive history.
  
• Lindley, Betty Grimes and Ernest K. Lindley. A New Deal for Youth: The Story of the National Youth Administration (1938)
  
• Lowitt, Richard. The New Deal and the West (1984).
  
• McElvaine Robert S. The Great Depression 2nd ed (1993), social history
  
• Manza; Jeff. "Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal" Annual Review of Sociology: 2000, 26 (2000): 297-322.
  
• Mathews, Jane De Hart. "Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy," Journal of American History 62 (1975): 316-39, in JSTOR
  
• Malamud; Deborah C. "'Who They Are - or Were': Middle-Class Welfare in the Early New Deal" University of Pennsylvania Law Review v 151 #6 2003. pp 2019+.
  
• McKinzie, Richard. The New Deal for Artists (1984), well illustrated scholarly study
  
• Meriam; Lewis. Relief and Social Security The Brookings Institution. 1946. Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs
  
• Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism (2002)
  
• Mitchell, Broadus. Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929-1941 (1947), survey by economic historian
  
• Parker, Randall E. Reflections on the Great Depression (2002) interviews with 11 leading economists
  
• Patterson, James T. The New Deal and the States: Federalism in Transition (Princeton UP, 1969).
  
• Powell, Jim FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression (2003) ISBN 0761501657
  
• Polenberg, Richard. "The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 A Brief History with Documents" ISBN 0312133103
  
• Rosenof, Theodore. Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933-1993 (1997)
  
• Rosen, Elliot A. Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery (2005) ISBN 0813923689
  
• [2] Rothbard, Murray. America's Great Depression (1963).
  
• Saloutos, Theodore. The American Farmer and the New Deal (1982).
  
• Savage, James D. Balanced Budgets & American Politics. Cornell University Press. 1988.
  
• Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, 3 vols, (1957-1960), the classic narrative history. Online at vol 2 vol 3
  
• Singleton, Jeff. The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression (2000)
  
• Sitkoff, Harvard. A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade (2008)
  
• Sitkoff, Harvard. ed. Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated. (New York; McGraw Hill, 1984). A friendly liberal evaluation.
  
• Skocpol, Theda, and Kenneth Finegold. "State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal." Political Science Quarterly 97 (1982): 255-78. Online at JSTOR .
  
• Skocpol, Theda, and Kenneth Finegold. "Explaining New Deal Labor Policy" American Political Science Review (1990) 84:1297-1304 online at JSTOR
  
• Smith, Jason Scott. Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933-1956 (2005).
  
• Sternsher, Bernard ed., Hitting Home: The Great Depression in Town and Country (1970), essays by scholars on local history
  
• Szalay, Michael. New Deal Modernism: American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State (2000)
  
• Tindall George B. The Emergence of the New South, 1915-1945 (1967). survey of entire South
  
• Trout Charles H. Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal (1977)
  
• Ware, Susan. Beyond Suffrage: Women and the New Deal (1981)
  
• Wecter, Dixon. The Age of the Great Depression, 1929-1941 (1948), social history
  
• Zelizer; Julian E. "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1938" Presidential Studies Quarterly . Volume: 30. Issue: 2. pp: 331+. (2000)

[edit] External links

• The New Deal Original reports and pictures from The Times